Analgesic and Anti inflammatory
Activities of Ctenolepis garcinii (burm. f)
P. Natarajan1*, Dr. A. Thanga Thirupati1, Dr. R. Sutharsingh2, J. Immanuvel Manicaraj1 and N. Vijayakrishnan1
1Department of Pharmacology, Sankaralingham
Bhuvaneswari College of Pharmacy, Anaikuttam,
Sivakasi-626130
2Department of Phamacognosy,
Sankaralingham Bhuvaneswari
College of Pharmacy, Anaikuttam, Sivakasi-626130
ABSTRACT:
The anti inflammatory effects of Methanolic
extract of Ctenolepis garcinii
(burm. f) was assessed by carrageenan
induced rat paw edema at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg p.o.
The Methanolic extract 200 mg/kg p.o.
shows significant and maximum activity, whose potency is less than the standard
Diclofenac sodium. At the same dose, the analgesic activity was also assessed
by Tail immersion method, The Methanolic extract of
200 mg/kg p.o. shows increased in the time of tail
withdrawal response, which activity is significant as compared to the Standard
Diclofenac sodium.
KEYWORDS: Ctenolepis garcinii
(burm.f),
analgesic, anti inflammatory, methanolic extract, diclofenac sodium
INTRODUCTION:
Inflammation is considered as a primary physiologic defense
mechanism that helps body to protect itself against infection, burn, toxic
chemicals, allergens or other noxious stimuli. An uncontrolled and persistent
inflammation may act as an etiologic factor for many of these chronic
illnesses. Although it is a defense mechanism, the complex events and mediators
involved the inflammatory reaction can induce, maintain or aggravate many
diseases. Currently used anti inflammatory drugs are associated with some
severe side effects. Therefore, the development of potent anti-inflammatory
drugs with fewer side effects is necessary.1
Chronic inflammatory diseases remain one of the world’s
major health problems 2, 3, 4 Inflammation is the response of living
tissues to injury. It involves a complex array of enzyme activation, mediator
release, extravasations of fluid, cell migration, tissue breakdown and repair 5,
6. Inflammation has become the focus of global scientific research
because of its implication in virtually all human and animal diseases. As a
result of adverse effects such as gastric lesions caused by non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), tolerance and dependence induced by opiates, the use of these drugs
as analgesic agents have not been successful in all cases 7,8.
Therefore, new analgesic drugs lacking these side effects are being researched
as alternatives to NSAID and opiates9. Attention is being focused
on the investigation of the efficacy of
plant-based drugs used in the traditional medicine because they are cheap, have little side effects and according
to WHO, about 80% of the world population still rely mainly on herbal remedies 4,7,9.
Ctenolepis
garcinii (burm.f)
is a palmately-lobed leaves. Petiolate
with axillary, stipuliform
bracts and cultivated in throughout India. The leaves contain carbohydrates,
glycosides, steroids and flavanoids. In the present
study the analgesic and anti inflammatory activities of Ctenolepis
garcinii (burm.f)
leaves of methanolic extracts have been investigated.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Plant material:
The plant material used in the study was collected from
Madurai. It was authentically verified by the Botanist, Dr. V. Ganesan, Department of Botany, Ayya-Nadar
Janakiammal College of Arts and science, Sivakasi.
Preparation of extracts:
The plant Ctenolepis
garcinii (burm.f) was
collected and it was shadow dried and size reduced into small pieces. The dried
materials were coarsely powdered before extraction and they were packed in soxhlet apparatus for continuous extraction. The powdered
crude drug was allowed for hot continuous extraction for 72 hours each solvent10.The
concentrated extract (methanolic extracts, yield: 10
gm) were tested for analgesic and anti inflammatory activity11.
Evaluation of Analgesic activity
Tail immersion method
The analgesics activity was evaluated by using tail
immersion method. They were divided into four groups each containing four
animals
The animals are weighed and numbered. The basal time is
taken by immersing the tail into the beaker containing hot water. The
temperature is maintained above 55o-60oC. Tail is
withdrawn from the hot water then the pain stimuli were taken as end point.
Normally the rats withdraw its tail in 2-5 seconds. The cut off period is 10-12
seconds. At least 3-4 readings were taken between gaps of 5 minutes with 5
times. The drug was administered and the reaction time was noted at 1, 2, 3, 4
hours after the drug treatments. The results are recorded in table no.112-14
Evaluation of Anti inflammatory activity
Carrargeenan induced paw oedema:
The rats were divided into four groups of four animals
each and initial paw volume was measured at 0 hour, then paw edema was induced
by injecting 0.1 ml of 1% carrageenan in physiological
saline into the sub-planter tissue of the left hind paw of each rat .The test
groups animals were treated orally (100mg/kg) and (200mg/kg) 30 minutes prior
to carrageenan administration, standard group animals
received diclofenac sodium (10mg/kg) by orally 30
minutes prior to carrageenan administration
The paw volume was measured at an interval of 30
minutes up to 4 hours by mercury displacement method using plethysmograph.
Results are recorded in the table no.215
TABLE: 1 ANALGESICS ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC
EXTRACT OF Ctenolepis garcinii
(burm.f)
|
Groups |
Treatment & dose |
Reaction Time
(second) ± SEM |
||||
|
0 hour |
1 hour |
2 hours |
3 hours |
4 hours |
||
|
Group I |
Control Saline 5mg/kg p.o. |
1.1 ± 0.1 |
1.25 ± 0.29 |
1.35 ± 0.29 |
1.4 ± 0.24 |
1.5 ± 0.29 |
|
Group II |
Methanolic extract 100 mg/kg p.o. |
2.9 ± 0.08** |
3.25 ± 0.24* |
3.75 ± 0.47* |
3.75 ± 0.47* |
4 ± 0.40* |
|
Group III |
Methanolic extract 200 mg/kg
p.o |
4.12 ± 0.12** |
4.75 ± 0.47* |
4.75 ± 0.47* |
5 ± 0.40** |
6.5 ± 0.29** |
|
Group IV |
Diclofenac sodium 10 mg/kg p.o. |
5.13 ± 0.08* |
5.7 ± 0.62** |
7.7 ± 0.47** |
8.5 ± 0.64** |
9.5 ± 0.64** |
Values expressed as mean ± SEM from four
observations; *P< 0.05, **P<0.01
compared with control; One way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s
test
TABLE: 2 ANTI - INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF
METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Ctenolepis garcinii (burm.f)
|
Groups |
Drug &
dose |
Mean increase
in paw volume ± SEM at different time intervals (% inhibition) |
||||
|
0 hours |
1 hours |
2 hours |
3 hours |
4 hours |
||
|
Group І |
Control 5 ml/kg saline
p.o. |
2.34 ± 0.32 |
2.67 ± 0.33 |
3.0 ± 0.32 |
3.67 ± 0.87 |
4.0 ± 0.87 |
|
Group
ΙΙ |
Methanolic
Extract 100 mg/kg p.o. |
2.1 ± 0.57* (10.25) |
2.17 ± 0.3** (18.72) |
1.3 ± 0.88** (23.33) |
1.3 ± 0.33** (64.57) |
1 ± 0.57** (75) |
|
Group
ΙΙΙ |
Methanolic
Extract 200 mg/kg p.o. |
2.12 ± 0.32* (9.40) |
2.2 ± 0.57* (17.60) |
2.3 ± 0.71** (23.33) |
1.3 ± 0.66** (64.57) |
0.6 ± 0.33** (85) |
|
Group IV |
Diclofenac
sodium 10 mg/kg p.o. |
2.1 ± 1.2 (10.25) |
2 ± 0.57* (25.9) |
2 ± 0.57** (33.33) |
1.3 ± 0.32** (64.57) |
0.3 ± 0.33** (92.5) |
Values expressed as mean ± SEM from four
observations; *P<0.05, **P<0.01 compared with control; One way ANOVA followed
by Dunnet’s test
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION:
The Methanolic extract of
leaves of Ctenolepis garcinii
(burm.f) showed significant analgesic and
anti-inflammatory activity. Methanolic extract of
leaves of Ctenolepis garcinii(burm.f) at a dose of
200mg/kg p.o. shows better protection than Methanolic extract of leaves of Ctenolepis
garcinii (burm.f) dose
of 100mg/kg p.o. Methanolic
extract of Ctenolepis garcinii
(burm.f) showed results comparable with
Diclofenac sodium at the dose of 10mg/kg p.o
(standard).
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Received on 13.03.2012
Modified on 25.03.2012
Accepted on 06.04.2012
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Research J. Pharmacology and
Pharmacodynamics. 4(2): March-April, 2012, 119-121