INTRODUCTION:

Herbal plants:

Plants have been used for health and medical purposes for several thousands of years. The use of herbal medicinal products and supplements has increased tremendously over the decades with not<80% of people worldwide relying on them for some part of primary health care. A majority of the world’s population in developing countries still relies on herbal medicines to meet its health needs. Herbal medicines are often used to provide first-line and basic health service, both to people living in remote areas where it is the only available health service and to people living in poor areas where it offers the only affordable remedy. Even in areas where modern medicine is available, the interest on herbal medicines and their utilization have been increasing rapidly in recent years^[1].

DATURA:

Ancient verse about Datura:

!!!धत्तुरोमदवर्नाग्निवताक्रुदज्वरकुष्टनुत!!!

!!!कषायोमधुरस्तिक्तोयूकालीक्षावीनाशक!!!

!!!उष्णोगुरुर्वश्लेष्मक न्डूक्रिमीविषापह!!!

Datura is a herbaceous perennial plant from Solanaceae family is grown in temperate and tropical region of the globe. It has been used in traditional medicine to relieve pain, breathlessness, fevers, etc. It is a powerful deliriant and hallucinogen. However, as the alkaloids are responsible for both the medicinal and hallucinogenic properties, are toxic in higher amounts, and careless use often results in hospitalization and deaths. Considering this, the plant has been grouped under Schedule E-1 of Drugs and Cosmetics Act-1940^[2].Even being a poisonous plant, it is being used since the ancient times by Ayurveda physicians for various purposes.

The therapeutic activities are due to the presence different active components and researches revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, steroids, alkaloids, polyphenols and glycosides in this plant^[3].

Fig. 1: Natural habitat, Flowers and fruits and Dried seeds.

VARIOUS SPECIES OF DATURA^[7]:

1. Datura metal

2. Datura alba

3. Datura stramonium

4. Datura fastuosa

5. Datura candida (Pers) Saff.

6. Datura ceratocaula Ortega

7. Datura discolour Bernh.

8. Datura dolichocarpa (Lagerh) Saff

9. Datura ferox L.

10. Datura inoxia Mill.

11. Datura anoxia Mill.

12. Datura kymatocarpa Barclay

13. Datura leichhardtii Benth.

14. Datura reburra Barclay

15. Datura wrightii Regel

All these species belong to potato family Solanaceae. Several datura plants and species are used as drugs and many other species are treated as weeds.

Common species of Datura^[7]:

1. Datura Alba (White datura):

1.Datura Alba bears white flowers and it grows naturally in Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim in India.

2. Datura metal (Purple datura):

2.Datura metal is used in ayurvedic medicine and religious purposes. It is widely used in asthma, persistence cough and pain disorders. Its effects are compared with codeine in persistent cough and all modern bronchodilators in asthma.

3. Datura stramonium (Black datura):

3.Datura stramonium is a source of a hypnotic drug known as stramonium. It has hypnotic and sedative effects.

Fig. 2: Datura alba

Fig. 3: Datura stramonium

Fig.4: Datura metel

VERNACULAR NAMES OF DATURA^[5]:

English	Thorn apple
Hindi	Dhattura, Kaladhattura
Bengali	Dhotra, Dhatura, Dhutura
Gujarati	Dhatura, Dhaturo, Dhanturo
Kannada	Unmatta, Unmatte‑gida
Malayalam	Ummattu, Unmatta, Rotecubung, Ummam
Marathi	Dhotra, Dhatura
Punjabi	Dhattur, Dhattura
Tamil	Ummattai, Umate
Telugu	Ummetta, Ummatta
Bihari	Khunuk

CLASSICAL NAMES :

This plant is known with different names in Sanskrit. A few are Dhattura, Dhuttura, Dhustura, Kanaka, Unmatta, Matula, Shivapriya, Dhurta, Devata, Kitava, Toori, Mahamohi, Kanakahvaya, etc. Possible derivation for few such terms is provided in the below table 1.

Possible meanings synonyms of datura:

Unmatta	The drug that produces delirium
Kanaka/Kanakahva	The drug with synonyms of gold
KitavaMadana:	That paralises the function of the body parts
Shivapriya	Favourite of Lord Shiva
Dhustura:	Drug causing giddiness and palpitation (with its delerient effect)
Dhattura	It destroy vitiated doshas and dhatus by its ushnaguna. Hence it cures diseases like vrana, sleshmavikaras, etc
Matula	No other drug is equal to its therapeutic effects or in other words there is no comparision of its efficacy with other drugs.

Datura stramonium:

It is an herbaceous annual that grows from 0.3-1.5 m (1-5 ft.) tall. A single-stemmed plant can grow to cover an area up to 3 m (9.8 ft.) in diameter. The green to purplish stems of this plant are stout and hollow. The ovate to subovate leaves have long, stout petioles, a coarsely serrate margin, measure 5-20 cm (2-8 in.) long and are acuminate at their tips. The leaves have an unpleasant scent when crushed or bruised^[5].

Description:

Common as a weed growing in waste places and roadside throughout India, Sub-Himalayan tracts including North West Himalaya, Kashmir, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, open forests of Rajasthan, mountains of Deccan, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu^[4] .

Ayurvedic properties:

Rasa, guna, virya, vipaka, prabhava, etc., of the plant are shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Pharmacodynamics of Datura according to Ayurveda.

Rasa	Tikta, Katu
Guna	Laghu, Ruksha, Vyavayi, Vikasi
Virya	Ushna
Vipaka:	KatuPrabhava :Madaka
Doshaghnata	Kaphavatashamaka
Rogaghnata	Shotha,Vedana,Arsha,Vatavikara,Hridmandata,Nadimandata,Amlapitta,Parinamashoola,Pittashmari,Shwasa,Vrikkashoola,Ashmari,Shaiyyamootra,Rajahkrichchhra,Yuka, Liksha.
Karma	Jantughna,Vedanasthapana,Twagdoshahara,Madaka,Antrashamaka, Shoolaprashamana,Hridayottejaka,BastiavumGavinisankochaka,Garbhashayaprasaraka, Shukrastambhana, Swedavarodhaka

Plant parts used :

This plant is used as a whole in therapeutics. Its leaf, flower, and seed are also used individually for different purposes.

Datura seeds:

Generally, datura seeds are used in Ayurveda, traditional Indian and alternative medicines. Before using datura in medicines, datura seeds require a series of detoxification and purification processes. These processes help to reduce the toxicity level in the human body and enhance medicinal value of datura. In raw form, datura seeds might be very dangerous and poisonous. The plant as a whole has anodyne, analgesic, sleep inducing and antispasmodic action.

Datura leaves:

Datura leaves have bitter taste and similar characteristic odor like datura seeds. It is used in preparing herbal plasters. It is also used as anodyne and antispasmodic.

Caution:

Datura leaves are most poisonous part of datura plant. Leave contain high amount of poisonous alkaloids known as Daturine and albumen in addition to mucilage and ash. These alkaloids contain about 25% potassium nitrate.

Datura Parts used in medicines: Fresh Seeds, Fresh Leaves, Roots, Dried leaves, Dried ripe seeds and Fruits.

All parts have almost similar medicinal characteristics and same action in the body, but seeds are mostly commonly used in alternative and traditional medicines.

Chemical constituents:

The plant contains different functional groups such as saponins, tannins, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and glycosides. Atropine and scopolamine are competitive antagonists of muscarinic cholinergic receptors and are central nervous system depressants.

All parts of the plant are toxic but the highest amount of alkaloids is contained in the ripe seeds.[6]

Different active components at different parts of datura plant:

Root: 3α, 6β‑ditigloyloxytropane, 3α, 6β‑ditigloyloxy tropan‑7β‑ol, tigloidine, apohyoscine, hyoscine, 3α‑tigloyloxytropan, norhyoscine, meteloidine, hyoscimine, cuscohygrine and tropine.

Pericarp:

β‑sitosterol, scopolamine and fastusine.

Leaves:

Scopolamine and a mixture of two unidentified alkaloid .

Flower, leaves, aerial parts and roots:

Hyoscine and hyoscyamine.

Fresh aerial parts:

Withanolide, (17R, 20R 22R,25R)‑2125R‑epoxy2‑ methoxy‑1‑oxowitha‑2, 5‑di enolide and hyoscine and hyoscyamine.

Fruits:

Daturanolone and daturadiol.

Seeds:

Scopolamine, atropine, fastunine,fastudine, fastusidine, daturanoloneandfastusic acid.

Seedoil:

4α‑methylsterols‑31‑nprlanost‑9(11)enol.31‑norcrcloartenol. Cycloeucalenol31‑norlanost‑8‑enol.31-norlanosterol; obtusifoliol, 4α‑methyl cholesta‑8‑enol, lophenol.

Uses:

The plant is acrid, narcotic, anodyne, antispasmodic, intoxicant, and emetic. It is useful in asthma, cough, fever, inflammations, edema, neuralgia, insanity, myalgia, hyperacidity, duodenal ulcer, renal colic, calculi, and dysmenorrhea. Roots are used for bites of rabid dogs. Leaf is useful in inflammations and piles. Leaf juice is applied externally for lice and in skin diseases. Leaves in the form of poultice are used in lumbago, sciatica, neuralgia, mumps, and painful swellings. Seeds are aphrodisiac and used in toothache, earache, gastric disorders and are good to treat dandruff and lice^[4].

Traditional uses in datura^[7]:

In alternative medicines like ayurveda and Unani, datura seeds are purified before use in various medicines. Datura containing medicines are used in respiratory diseases especially in productive cough and asthma. Due to various medicinal properties, datura is also used in other diseases related to pain, acidity, heart failure, decreased heartbeat, gall bladder stone pain, and abdominal pain after meal, Dysmenorrhea, pain due to kidney stone and enuresis.

1. Indigestion due to heavy meal:

If a patient suffers from indigestion, which occurs due to heavy meals and fatty foods, then datura seeds in dosage

of 125 mg can help.

2. Dog bite:

Datura is also an herbal treatment of dog bite. Its roots are used in the treatment of symptoms of dog bite. The following mixture is used for this purpose.

Ingredients	Quantity
Datura root powder	125 mg
Punarnava Powder	5 grams

This mixture is given with cold water twice a day. This formulation is from the Sushrutasamhita.

3. Alopecia areata (Indralupta):

According to Vagbhata, datura leaves juice is applied on scalp in cases of alopecia areata.

4. Viral conjunctivitis:

According to Haritasamhita, datura root is crushed in water and strained the liquid. This datura water is used in instilling in eyes with viral conjunctivitis.

5. Intestinal worms:

5 to 6 drops of datura leaf juice is given to patients with buttermilk for getting rid of intestinal worms.

6. Breast pain:

A paste is made from datura leaves and mixed with a small amount of turmeric. This paste is applied on the affect breast for relieving breast pain. Bhavamisra has described this remedy in his book bhavachikitsa.

7. Cracked feet:

Make a paste of datura seeds and apply this paste on cracked feet. This application helps in treating cracked feet. Bhavamisra has also described this remedy in his book bhavachikista.

8. Schizophrenia:

Ayurvedic treatment of schizophrenia also includes the use of white datura root. Charkradatta has described the following preparation in chapter Unmanda.

Ingredients	Quantity
White datura root powder	125 mg
Milk	500 ml
Jaggery	5 grams
Ghee (clarified butter)	5 ml

Take milk and add white datura root powder, jaggery and ghee. Boil the milk with all these ingredients and strain the milk in a glass. Give this mixture to patient suffering with schizophrenia.

9. Ear infection with pus:

Oil is prepared with various ingredients and datura leaf juice for ear infections. It works as antiseptic as well as antibiotic in ear infection.

Oil ingredients :

Ingredient	Quantity
Mustard oil	80 ml
Purified Sulphur/Gandaka	10 grams
Turmeric powder	10 grams
Datura leaf juice	320 ml

1. Take mustard oil and add all other three ingredients.

2. Simmer the mixture until oil remains.

3. Then strain the oil and discard residues.

This oil is instilled in ear with infections and pus. Ayurvedic scholar Charkradatta has given this formulation.

10. Filariasis or elephantiasis (Elephant Feet disease):

Datura seeds and pipperlongum is used to treat filariasis.

11. Carbuncles:

Datura root paste is prepared with water and applied on the carbuncles. It helps to treat carbuncles and prevents scaring.

12. Rheumatoid arthritis:

A juice prepared from datura, calotropis and castor leaves is applied on swelling and inflammation of joints due to rheumatoid arthritis.

13. Sciatica:

Hot paste of datura leaves is applied along the course of sciatica nerve to get rid of pain.

14. Asthma:

Datura seed oil is used for the treatment of asthma. Kanakasavam is prepared from datura, which is generally prescribed for asthma and productive cough in ayurvedic science.

15. Productive cough:

The following formulation of datura is beneficial in cough.

Ingredients	Quantity
Datura seed powder	50 mg
Long pepper	50 mg
Gum arabic (acacia gum)	Q.S.

Tablets prepared in above ratio helps in relieving cough. This formulation is also used with honey without acacia gum. It is beneficial in productive cough.

16. Epilepsy:

There are many formulation of datura used in ayurveda for epilepsy.

i. Datura seeds with saffron:

Ingredients	Quantity
Datura seed powder	20 mg
Saffron	20 mg
Mishri	20 mg

ii. Datura seeds with black pepper:

Ingredients	Quantity
Datura seed powder	60 mg
Black pepper	60 mg

This mixture is given with butter in epilepsy.

Diabetes mellitus:

Ingredients	Quantity
Datura seed powder	60 mg
Black pepper	60 mg

This mixture is also beneficial in diabetes mellitus. In Diabetes mellitus, this mixture is given with Saunf ark.

17. Nightfall in men:

The tablets, prepared using following ingredients in given quantity, are used to treat nightfall in men.

Ingredients	Quantity
Datura seed powder	30 mg
White cumin	30 mg
Coriander seeds	30 mg
Triphala water	Q.S.

Mix first three ingredients in powdered form and take this mixture with triphala water.

18. Malaria fever:

Fresh Datura leaves are beneficial in malaria fever. A small amount of leaf paste is given with jaggery to lower the temperature in malaria.

19. Abdominal pain:

Abdominal pain may have many underlying causes. Some of these causes include gall bladder stone and kidney stone. In these conditions, datura and medicines containing datura are used to alleviate the pain.

20. Early discharge in men:

The following formulation helps in early discharge in men.

Ingredients	Quantity
Datura seed powder	30 mg
Akarkara	30 mg
Clove	30 mg
This mixture is given with milk twice a day.

21. Infertility in women:

Datura flowers are effective treatment of infertility in women. The dried powder of datura flowers in dosage of 120 mg is given with honey 10 days after menstruation. It is given for 5 to 7 days. This remedy is effective in infertility of unknown reason.

22. Excessive sweating:

Datura seed ash is given in dosage of one gram for seven days in patients complaining excessive sweating in hands and feet. [7-daturastramonium]

TOXICITY OF DATURA:

Administration of scopolamine in drinking water to pregnant rabbits on days 10-14 of gestation led to fetal deformities of eye. These malformations were observed in all living fetuses present in six different animals^[4]. Lethal dose 50% (LD50) of petroleum ether extract was reported to be 5 times more potent than the aqueous extract. This difference in LD50 may be due to the presence of functional groups such as flavonoids, glycosides, and essential oil that are soluble in petroleum ether but insoluble in water^[8].

The effects of acute, subacute and chronic administration of atropine and scopolamine were studied in male Albino-Wistar rats. After acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of dose 100 mg/kg (1/4 DL50) of total alkaloids to the seeds of Datura, there were no remarkable changes in general appearance and no deaths occurred in any experimental groups. 24 h after total alkaloids of seeds, a significant reduction in liver, spleen and brain was observed. Red blood cells, hematocrit, haemoglobin and white blood cells were significantly higher in the treated groups than the control group.

There were no statistical differences in glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamicpyruvic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase observed between the groups. Histological examination of liver showed no histopathological changes. Subacute study for 4 weeks showed no resulting mortality or signs of toxicity^[9]. Synthetic alkaloids in higher doses for prolonged periods are reported to be toxic^[10].

Careful consideration of the toxicity of the plant is required before its use. Its ingestion induces characteristic symptoms such as dry mouth, intense thirst, blurred vision, mydriasis and increased heart rate followed by hallucinations, delirium and loss of motor coordination leading to comma and ultimately to death by respiratory failure^[11]. Classics also considered this spp. under the category of Upavisha (semi-poisonous drugs)^[12] and emphasized on different processing techniques (Shodhana) before their application in therapeutics to avoid possibilities of toxicity. By passing such classical guidelines will affect adversely and may even lead to death.

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES:

1. Antiasthmatic activity:

D. stramonium contains a variety of alkaloids, including atropine and scopolamine, having anticholinergic and bronchodilating activity. Atropine and scopolamine act on the muscarinic receptors by blocking them (particularly the M2 receptors) on airway smooth muscle and submucosal gland cells, which dilate bronchial smooth muscle and ease asthmatic attacks. Charpin et al^[13] reported that using D. stramonium as an antiasthmatic, cigarette is an effective bronchodilator in asthmatic patients with mild airway obstruction. However, the exposure of D. stramonium to the fetus when a mother uses it for asthma will cause a continuous release of acetylcholine, resulting in the desensitizing of nicotinic receptors, which could ultimately result in permanent damage to the fetus^[14].

1. Epilepsy:

Though the antiepileptic activity of D. stramonium has not been reported yet, combination therapy with other herbs has the protective effect on status epilepticus. An experimental model of status epilepticus was induced in male rats by a single systemic injection of lithium (3 mmol/kg) and pilocarpine (30 g/kg). Rats were then treated with herbal mixture containing D. stramonium. One week after the induction of status epilepticus, the rat group treated with extracts of Scutellarialateriflora (Skullcap), Gelsemiumsempervirens (Gelsemium) and D. stramonium (Jimson Weed) displayed no seizure during treatment.

The results of this experiment strongly suggest that the appropriate combination of herbs with D. stramonium may be helpful as adjunctive interventions to treat epilepsy^[15].

2. Organophosphate poisoning :

Since D. stramonium contains atropine and other anticholinergic compounds, it is a useful remedy for the central cholinergic symptoms of organophosphate (OP) poisoning. Bania et al [16] determined the beneficial effect of Datura seed extracts following a severe OP poisoning. According to their experiment, D. stramonium seeds were heated in water to make 2 mg/mL atropine solution and administered to male rats as a single intraperitoneal injection 5 min before the subcutaneous injection of 25 mg/kg of dichlorvos. Pretreatment with Datura seed extracts significantly increased survival in a rat model of severe OP poisoning.

3. Antimicrobial activity:

The methanol extracts of aerial parts of D. stramoniumshowed the bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria in a dose-dependent manner. However, little or no antibacterial activity was found against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa^[17]. Ethanol extract exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against Klebsiella pneumonia followed by Staphylococcus aureus, with the least activity against Salmonella typhi. The aqueous extract showed activity on only S. aureus, while Neisseria gonorrhea was resistant to both extracts^[18]. D. Stramoniumwas very effective as vibriocidal against various strains of Vibreo cholera and Vibreoparahaemolyticus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of acetone extracts of D. stramonium was in the range of 2.5 to 15 mg/mL serving as broad-spectrum vibriocidalagents^[19].

4. Antifungal activity:

Acetone extracts of D. stramonium have been reported to have antifungal activity against several fungi including Penicilliumexpansum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus parasiticus, Colletotrichumgloeosporioides, Fusariumoxysporum, Trichodermaharzianum, Phytophthoranicotiana, Pythiumultimum and Rhizoctoniasolani. The MIC of D. stramonium extracts ranges from 1.25 to 2.5 mg/mL.

5. Anti-inflammatory activity:

The ethanolic extract of D. stramonium leaf showed significant anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan induced paw edema in rats. In one experiment^[21], 39.43% inhibition of the edema was observed after 3 h of oral administration of 200 mg/kg extracts. Maximum activity was observed when the extract was administered in doses of 3-hour intervals. Since the extract of D. Stramonium inhibited the carrageenan-induced edema that involves the release of histamine and serotonin in the first phase, release of histamine and serotonin in the first phase, the inhibitory effect of the extracts could be partly due to inhibition of mast cell mediator release^[21].

6. Acaricidal, repellent and oviposition deterrent properties:

Datura plant generates a characteristic odor that acts as repellent for various insects and pests. Kurnal et al^[22] have reported that the ethanol extracts of D. stramonium leaf and seed showed potent acaricidal, repellent, and oviposition deterrent activity against adult two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychusurticae) under laboratory conditions. Leaf and seed extracts, which were applied in 167.25 and 145.75 g/L concentrations (using a Petri leaf disc-spray tower method), caused 98% and 25% mortality among spider mite adults after 48 h, respectively. These results suggest that D. stramonium could be used to manage the two-spotted spider mite.

8. Other activities:

D. stramonium was reported to have anticancer effect against human epidermal carcinoma of the nasopharynx at a therapeutic dose of 0.05 to 0.1 g. However, precaution should be taken while using Datura as an anticancer agent since adverse anticholinergic effects may occur^[23]. The half lethal dose (LD50) for ethanolic extracts of D. stramonium leaves showed potential larvicidal and mosquito repellent activities against Aedesaegypti (LD50: 86.25 mg/L), Anopheles stephensi (LD50: 16.07 mg/L) and Culexquinquefasciatus (LD50: 6.25 mg/L)^[24].

FEW FORMULATIONS :

A huge number of formulations with Datura as an ingredient have been mentioned in Ayurveda classics. It is not possible to enlist them in this attempt, but a few are enlisted in Table 5.

Table 5: Few formulations of Datura

Kanakasava	Bhaishajya Ratnavali Hikkaswaschikitsa16/115‑119
Pralapantakarasa	Bhaishajya Ratnavali 24/379‑382
Unmadaganjakusharasa	Bhaishajya Ratnavali 24/383‑385
Kanakasundararasa	Rasendra Sara Sangraha Jwaratisara Chikitsa26‑27
Lakshmivilasarasa	Rasendra Sara Sangraha Vatavyadhi Chikitsa 45‑48
Unmattarasa	Sharangadhara Madhyama 12/135
Mahajwarankusharasa	Sharangadhara Madhyama 118/119
Bruhatkanakasundararasa	Rasendra Sara Sangraha Jwaratisara Chikitsa 34‑35
Tribhuvanakirtirasa	Yoga Ratnakara Jwarachikitsa
Kanakaprabhavati	Rasendra Sara Sangraha Jwaratisara Chikitsa 28‑29
Grantishothani varikavarti	Rasa Tarangini 24/386‑388Datura taila Bhaishajya Ratnavali Shirorogdhikara/93

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3. Shagal MH, Modibbo UU, Liman AB. Pharmacological justification for the ethnomedical use of Datura stramonium stem-bark extract in treatment of diseases caused by some pathogenic bacteria. Int Res Pharm Pharm, 2(16) (2012) 9.

4. Sharma PC, Yelne MB, Dennis TJ. Database on Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda. New Delhi: CCRAS, Ministry of AYUSH (2001) 200.

5. Afsha Parveen, K. Vijula, K. V. Avinash, M. Ravishankar, D. V. Leeladhar, Medicinal values of Datura: A synoptic review, International Journal of Green Pharmacy , 10 (2) Apr-Jun (2016): 77.

6. Oseni OA, Olarinoye CO, Amoo IA. Studies on chemical compositions and functional properties of thorn apple (Daturastramonium L) Solanaceae. Afr J Food Sci., (2011) 5:40-4.

7. Daturastramonium https://www.ayurtimes.com/Ayurveda /rasayana/ayurvedic-treatment.

8. Abo Kutaifa MA, Abbas DA, Kadhim FM. Acute toxicity of aqueous and petroleum ether extracts of Daturainnoxia leaves in mice, Al-Anbar J Vet Sci (2012) 5:68-74.

9. Abdelouahab B, Nadia M, Nabila K. Toxicity studies of alkaloids of seeds of Datura stramonium and synthesis alkaloids in male rats. J Med Plant Res., 5(34) (2011) 21-31.

10. Mahdeb N, Bouzidi A, Kara N, Benouadah Z, Soufane S. Acute and subacute toxicity studies of alkaloids of seeds and synthetic alkaloids of Daturastramonium in female rats. Pharmacology (2012) 3:598-604.

11. Chang SS, Wu ML, Deng JF. Poisoning by Datura leaves used as edible wild vegetables. Vet Hum Toxicol (1999) 41:242-5.

12. Sharma S. Rasa Tarangini. 11th ed. Ch. 24/163. Varanasi: Motilal Banarasidass; 1979.

13. Charpin D, Orehek J, Velardocchio JM. Bronchodilator effects of antiasthmatic cigarette smoke (Datura stramonium). Thorax. 34(2) (1979) 259-261.

14. Pretorius E, Marx J. Datura stramonium in asthma treatment and possible effects on prenatal development. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 21(3) (2006) 331-337.

15. Peredery O, Persinger MA. Herbal treatment following postseizure induction in rat by lithium pilocarpine: Scutellarialateriflora (Skullcap), Gelsemium sempervirens (Gelsemium) and Datura stramonium (Jimson weed) may prevent development of spontaneous seizures. Phytother Res. 18(9) (2004) 700-705.

16. Bania TC, Chu J, Bailes D, O'Neill M. Jimson weed extract as a protective agent in severe organophosphate toxicity. Acad Emerg Med. 11(4) (2004) 335-338.

17. Eftekhar F, Yousefzadi M, Tafakori V. Antimicrobial activity of Datura innoxia and Datura stramonium. Fitoterapia. 76(1) (2005) 118-120.

18. Shagal MH, Modibbo UU, Liman AB. Pharmacological justification for the ethnomedical use of Datura stramonium stem-bark extract in treatment of diseases caused by some pathogenic bacteria. Int Res Pharm Pharmacol. 2(1) (2012) 16-19.

19. Sharma A, Patel VK, Chaturvedi AN. Vibriocidal activity of certain medicinal plants used in Indian folklore medicine by tribals of Mahakoshal region of central India. Indian J Pharmacol. 41(3) (2009) 129-133.

20. Mdee LK, Masoko P, Eloff JN. The activity of extracts of seven common invasive plant species on fungal phytopathogens. S Afr J Bot. 75(2) (2009) 375-379.

21. Sonika G, Manubala R, Deepak J. Comparative studies on anti-inflammatory activity of Coriandrum sativum, Datura stramonium and Azadirachta indica. Asian J ExpBiol Sci. 1(1) (2010) 151-154.

22. Kurnal NA, Çobanoğlu S, Yalcin C. Acaricidal, repellent and oviposition deterrent activities of Datura stramoniumL. against adult Tetranychusurticae (Koch). J Pest Sci. 83 (2) (2010) 173-180.

23. Balachandran P, Rajgopal G. Cancer-an Ayurvedic perspective. Pharmacol Res.; 51(1) (2005) 19-30.

24. Swathi S, Murugananthan G, Ghosh SK, Pradeep AS. Larvicidal and repellent activities of ethanolic extract of Datura stramonium leaves against mosquitoes. Inter J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res. 4 (1) (2012) 25-27.

Received on 07.08.2018 Modified on 05.09.2018

Res. J. Pharmacology & Pharmacodynamics.2018; 10(4): 171-178.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5836.2018.00032.0

Pharmacognostic Review on Datura