INTRODUCTION:

Medicinal plants also known as therapeutic herbs have been found out and used as ancient medicines since years ago. Plants synthesize hundreds of chemical substances for the reason including resistance against fungi, insects, diseases etc. Several phytochemicals with established ability have been spotted out with several biological activities. Many plant parts such as (leaves, stems, roots and bark) are used for Medicinal production. Because they have biologically active materials for curing mild and chronic ailments. Alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and phenolic compounds are the very crucial bioactive element of plant. They are also used in the foods of the pregnant women, nursing mothers for medicinal purposes¹ in the form of pills, capsule, powder etc.

Achyranthes aspera is one such plant which have many medicinal quality in it². Achyranthes aspera also known as Chirchita (Hindi), Apamarga (Sanskrit), Aghedi (Gujrati), Apang (Bengali), Nayurovi (Tamil) Kalalat (Malyalam) and Agadha (Marathi) in India. This plant has many abilities and also got many medicinal values which can be able to fight against many activities such as antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anticancerous, antidiabetic, snake venom, anti-arthritis, anti-viral, anti-neuropharmacological and so on. Ethanol extract of Achyranthes aspera has been reported to have central antinociceptive activity in thermal induced pain method^3,4.

ANTI MICROBIAL ACTIVITY:

The plant Achyranthes aspera possess a potential antimicrobial activity against several human pathogenic bacteria and fungi^5,6. The methanolic extract of the Achyranthes aspera causes 9mm zone of inhibition in Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis with 200μg/ml and 400μg/ml MIC respectively and it also constrain Salmonella typhi’s growth with 7 mm zone of inhibition. The n-Hexane extract of the inflorescence restrict the E.coli’s growth (7mm zone of inhibition)⁷. Pseudomonas, proteus, E-Faecalis shows immense sensitivity to the leaf extract of Achyranthes aspera by petroleum ether while the stem extract restrict the growth of Pseudomonas and Proteus alone^8,9. The aqueous extract of the stem, root and the methanolic extract of the stem inhibit the growth of Vibrio alginolyticus¹⁰ and Klebsiella¹¹ respectively. The methanolic extract of the plant suppress the growth of dermatophytic fungal species like Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum canis with 8mm zone of inhibition¹². The plant ethanolic extract restrict the growth of Candida kefyr, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus flavus with 15.0+-0.5mm,11.03+-0.08mm,14.0+-0.06mm size zone of inhibition with 50µl of MIC¹³. The ethanolic extract of the plant root inhibit the growth of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella abony with 17 mm and 8mm zone of inhibition respectively¹⁴. The plant extract is found to have great antimicrobial activity against dental pathogens namely Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus salivarius, Lactobacillus acidophillus, Candida albicans¹⁵.

ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY:

Achyranthes aspera, which is an Indian folk medicine is studied to estimate the antiviral potential of methanolic extract [ME]. Pure compound of oleonolic acid [OA] was found against Herpes simples virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). The methanolic extract proved weak anti-herpes virus activity, while OA was discovered as potent antiherpes virus activity against HSV 1 and HSV 2. The antiviral activity of ME and OA is at peak at 2 to 6 hours post infection.

The roots of Achyranthes aspera was collected, powdered and extracted¹⁶, and then concentrated methanolic extract was aliquoted and kept in dessicator for further use. Alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, sterols, triterpens and flavonoids were present in premonitory phytochemical screening of Achyranthes aspera¹⁷ For HPLC analysis, a shimadzu liquid chromatograph was used. Quantitative analysis was obtained by five point calibration curves for OA, at concentrations of 5–1000 μg/ml and from the equation Y=6987.2X+60941, Y represents the area of the Achyranthes aspera ME and X represents the concentration of OA¹⁸

African green monkey kidney cells were developed and maintained in Eagle’s Minimum Essential Medium [EMEM]. The standard strains were used which was purchased from ATCC. The virus was multiplied after plaque purification and it is stored at −80°C for future use. Whenever required, the virus cells were allowed to grow on Vero cells and it is determined and then used¹⁶_.

The viral penetration assay was performed with minor modifications. It was done to see whether OA can neutralize the viral invasion into the host cell¹⁹. The result showed that when compared with control, there was no reduction in OA treated cell.

From this, it shows that OA can arrest HSV in its early stage of replication²⁰. Hence OA is considered as a potential candidate against HSV infections²¹ OA with antiherpes virus activity, estimate a greater attention and used for further investigation.

ANTIPARASITIC ACTIVITY:

Zahir et.al proved that ethyl extracts of Achyranthes aspera contain antiparasitic activity. It has been studied that the larvae of cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acarilxodidae), sheep internal parasite Paramphistomum cervi is active against the dried extracts of Achyranthes aspera from the flower, leaf and seed²²_.

ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY:

It has medicinal values such as antidiabetic activity²³, anti-inflammatory activity²⁴. Achyranthes aspera was processed for the effects of blood glucose and blood lipids from the herbal tea, were experimented on alloxan – induced diabetic rats^25.Diabetes mellitus is a serious complex chronic condition that is a major source of ill health worldwide. Diabetes mellitus is a disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia and disturbance of carbohydrates, protein, fat metabolism are relative lack of hormone insulin. Complications of diabetes are the major causes of morbidity and death²⁶. Increase in the demand by patient to use natural products with antidiabetic activity associated with the use of insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents²⁷. The ethanolic leaves extract of Achyranthes aspera was evaluated for In vivo and antidiabetic activity against streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Streptozotocin eradicates specific beta cells, which involves in insulin production. Deficiency of insulin after streptozotocin treatment leads to increase in the blood glucose level and also after the use of aqueous extract, there was a significant decrease in blood glucose level²⁸. Preparation of extract was done by dried and powdered seed of Achyranthes aspera and extracted using soxhlet extraction method²⁹. Ethanol extract of Achyranthes aspera seeds to preliminary phytochemical screening. Male albino wistar rats were subjected for the study and were divided into 5 groups of positive, negative, control and ethanolic extract respectively. Induction of diabetes mellitus was done using streptozotocin. Achyranthes aspera showed marked effect in controlling the body weight of diabetic rats. Oral administration of Achyranthes aspera seeds extract in diabetic rats for 28 days showed markable reduction of blood glucose level. Achyranthes aspera remarkably reduced serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and increase level of HDL in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Hence, the present study revealed the antidiabetic activity of Achyranthes aspera seeds on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats³⁰_.

ANTI ARTHRITIC ACTIVITY:

The whole ethanolic extract of Achyranthes aspera inhibit the carrageen induced paw oedema and Freund’s complete adjuvant induced arthritis in wister rat and Swiss albino mice³¹. The plant has reported to have potential effect against formaldehyde induced arthritis. Achyranthine, a alkaloid isolated from the plant. It acts against the secondary lesions in adjuvant arthritis. The methanolic seed extract of the plant acts against rheumatic diseases by controlling the auto antigen production and by inhibiting the denaturation of protein. The plants anti arthritic activity is carried out by the presence of Phytochemicals like phenolic³²compound, Flavonoids and Tannis³³

ANTICANCEROUS ACTIVITY:

Profuse secondary metabolites are familiar to go ahead as anticancerous agent³⁴. In the same manner Achyranthes aspera declined the growth of the cancerous cell³⁵. The aqueous extract of the Achyranthes aspera decrease the growth of cancerous cells especially, the pancreatic cell lines. The methanolic extract of the Achyranthes aspera plant induced in the human pancreatic cell lines miapaca-2 and panc 10.05, colon cancer cell line. Antitumor activity has been observed³⁶. Leaf extract indicated the variance in the cytotoxicity. Sensitivity of various cancerous cell towards the leaf extract is seen magnificently. Miapaca2 pancreatic cell shown 10% of inhibition and panc 10.05 has shown 3% of inhibition. 35% of inhibition found in prostate cell lines. 85% of inhibition in lung cell line, 47% in breast and 52% in colon cell line. The amount of exposure was 42μg/ml of leaf extract. By the colon genic cell survival assay, when the amount of leaf extract increased four times i.e 146μg/ml, almost all the endothelium and about 65% of embryonic kidney cell survived.

The embryonic kidney cells form more zone of inhibition than the epithilial cells of adult³⁷. Leaf extract repressed the assertion of prometastastic and angiogenic genes³⁸. In examining the 2stage mouse skin carcinogenesis with total methanol extraction and good controlled cytotoxic disarray has been observed. In invitro study containing non polar complexes it showed immense inhibition^39,40. It shows a very significant inhibition effect on Epstein-Barr virus early antigen. Fractions of alkaloids, nonalkaloid salon exhibits significant action. Inhibition towards Epstein-Barr virus early induced by 12-0-tetra decanoyl phorbol-13-acetate in Raji cells⁴¹.

Brine shrimp lethality [BSL] bioassay was executed in the Achyranthes aspera plant to find the cytotoxic effect⁴². Entire plant extract was found to prevent the nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) and carbon tetrachloride (ccl4) induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats⁴³.

ANTI-OBESITY ACTIVITY:

Obesity is considered to be a serious disorder around the world⁴⁴. It is mainly caused by the surplus intake of calories⁴⁵. Obesity can be refined by suppressing the pancreatic lipase activity and by suppressing the lipid absorption⁴⁶. Restriction of alpha amylase activity and carbohydrate absorption also plays a vital role in the anticipation and treatment of obesity⁴⁷.

Alpha amylase is one of the digestive enzymes secreted from the pancreas and salivary gland, which is involved in the biological action like digestion of carbohydrates⁴⁸. Extract of Achyranthes aspera prevented alpha amylase and lipase action invitro studies in dose dependent manner. The prevention of lipase by the extract of Achyranthes aspera was stronger than alpha amylase. Achyranthes aspera extract could improve high fat diet induced obesity. High fat induced diet provides the migration to obesity.

Literature proclaims that saponins from the natural things such as crude saponins⁴⁹, ginseng saponin⁵⁰, tea saponin⁵¹, phenolic compounds⁵² and flavonoids⁵³ played a vital role in showing strong antiobesity action by preventing pancreatic lipase and prevented the increase of body weight by a high fat diet.

Achyranthes aspera contains oleanene-type tritepenoid saponin^54,55. Oleanene-type-tritepenoid saponin was found to be 147.7µg of Achyranthes aspera extract along with 0.34mg/g of flavonoid, which is responsible for the antiobesity action. Achyranthes aspera seeds prohibit obesity by lessening the excess accumulation of the body fat and changing the serum lipid profile

ANTI SNAKE VENOM ACTIVITY:

The extract of the Achyranthes aspera is traditionally used as medicine against snake bite in India⁵⁶. The aqueous leaf extract of the plant exhibit a potential activity against the viperidae family snake venom by neutralizing the toxic and enzymatic activity of the venom⁵⁷. The stem extract of the plant also neutralize the venom of Bitis arietans (Viperidae family)⁵⁸. The whole plant’s aqueous and the paste made from the plant’s root is widely used as medicine for snake bite^59,60_.

ANTI- INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY:

Achyranthes aspera (Amaranthacea) wild tropical plants, which is also being used as traditional medicine to treat ailments and which is also recommended for the treatment of menstrual disorder. Leaves of Achyranthes aspera is used for treatment of derma logical disorder⁶¹. Alcohol extract of Achyranthes aspera using carrageenan induced paw oedema method (acute inflammatory) in wistar rats. The roots of Achyranthes aspera is dried and extracted using ethyl alcohol by Soxhlet extraction process. Activity of anti-inflammatory were tested and studied over wistar rats respectively with the following extracts of 0.05mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 100mg/ml and 200mg/ml of alcohol extract. The administration of Drug Indomethacin⁶² and alcohol extract were done on the hind paw of the rats.

The extracts of Achyranthes aspera were shown notable reduction in paw oedema. Anti-inflammatory activity was stronger in 55-68%. The activity study evaluated in wistar rats using carrageenan induced paw oedema after oral administration. The study shows that the extract of Achyranthes aspera is optimistic for anti-inflammatory activity for exudative phase.

IMMUNOSTIMULANT ACTIVITY:

The extract of Achyranthes aspera was found to be inducting the Ovalbumin (OVA) specific humoral antibody response in mice. Remarkable increase of IgM, IgG and IgG₃antibodies was observed. The antibody response was evaluated using passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and ELISA for IgE and other classes of antibodies, respectively. A significant elevation of antibodies were suppressed in PCA titers. The adjuvant property was studied using different strains of mice. The seed and roots of the herb were found to show relatively higher activity.

The intraperitoneal administration of Achyranthes aspera Linn extract was found to increase the production of specific primary, secondary and tertiary IgG antibody. The doses of the extract were 10, 50, 100 and 200μg respectively for the stimulatory activity of Achyranthes aspera. The Immunostimulant activity was further examined on haplotype mice namely H-2^d, H-2^b and H-2^q which showed stimulatory activity across the genetic variation.

However, the extract of Achyranthes aspera was found to enhance the releasing of ova, specific IgM, IgG and subclasses of IgG₁ and IgG₃. Immunomodulatory effect was done on mice for the observation of ovalbumin specific antibody response with different group of mice. The study thus results in the confirmation of immunomodulatory property of Achyranthes aspera as it exhibits higher activity from the extracts of different parts of Achyranthes aspera⁶³.

Wound Healing activity:

Achyranthes aspera (Amaranthaceae) is a commonly available plant in India. This plant has been used for the treatment of cuts and wounds. The ethanol and the aqueous solution of Achyranthes aspera were used for the study of wound healing activity. The study was conducted using two wound models, excision wound model and incision wound model. The extract of Achyranthes aspera resulted significantly in both the wound model test^64.

Wound healing is essential physiological processes which consist of meeting and collaboration of cell strains and their products⁶⁵. Wound healing is a complex process in which skin and tissue repairs or heals themselves after injury⁶⁶. The process is divided into different phases like blood clotting, inflammation, tissue growth and tissue remodelling⁶⁷.

Achyranthes aspera is reported to have a various activity including hepatoprotective⁶⁸, Cancer chemo preventives ⁶⁹.

The activity was studied was studied by excision wound model and Incision wound model. The percentage closure or healing of wound was calculated at different time intervals of measurements of 8^th day and 16^th day. The closure of original excision wound area was found to be 56.99% for standards, 57.28% for aqueous extract and 49.09% for ethanol extract. On 16^th day, the closure was found to be 97.58% for standards, 98.18% for aqueous extract and 88.62% for ethanol extract. The study evaluated tensile strength and wound healing strength of granulated tissue⁷⁰.

CONCLUSION:

The present study concluded that A. aspera possesses high antimicrobial activity and curative efficacy activities and thus may be used for the preparation and study of various pharmacological preparations. The most active extracts (ethanol extract of A. aspera) can also put through the isolation of the active compounds that could be used for pharmacological evaluation or for the therapy of infectious diseases which are caused by pathogen.

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Received on 09.10.2019 Modified on 23.10.2019

Res. J. Pharmacology & Pharmacodynamics.2019; 11(4):159-164.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5836.2019.00028.4

A Pharmacological Review on Achyranthes aspera