INTRODUCTION:

India is rich in traditional and medical plant used for public health care. people are moving more towards traditional plant rather than allopathic medicines.^[1] WHO also sayes that 80% of population used medicinal plant.^[1]

This plant geow all over india in many forest and hills. The plant can be used by vegetative as well as sexual propogation. Udumbara is considered scared to god Dattagura. It is one of the herb mentioned in all anciemt scriptures of Ayuraveda, Siddha, Unani and Homeopathy.

The tree is medium tall groeing 10-16m in hight. The rich green Foliage provides a good shade. The bark is reddish gray and often cracked.^[5]

Fig. Umbar tree

Vernucular Name:

Sankrit	Udumbara
Hindi	Goolar
Marathi	Umbar
Bengali	Jagnadumbar
Telugu	Paidi
Oriya	Dimri
Malyalam	Atti
Nepal	Gular, Dumbri
Kannada	Rumadi
Tamil	Atti

Reference :01

Taxonomy:

Taxanomical classification are given bellow:

Kingdom	Plantae
Division	Magnoliophyta
Class	Magnolipsida
Order	Urticales
Family	Moraceae
Genous	Ficus
Species	Racemosa
Synonym	F.glomerata Roxb

Reference No: 02

Microscopical Study:

Size	10-16 cm long, 6-8 cm width
Shape	Alternate, bilateral, simple, petriolated
Petiole	3-5 cm long, 1-4 cm giameter
Venation	Reticulate
Apex	Acute
Base	Symmetrical
Margin	Entire
Colour	Dark green
Suface	Smooth
Odour	Aromatic, pleasant
Taste	Astringent

Reference No: 01

Microscopical Characters

Bark:

Fig. Bark

Its reddish or greyish green, soft surface, uneven and often cracked, 0.5-1.8 cm thick. Texture is homogenously leathery. Those looking for the flower of goolar should know that the fig is actually a compartment carrying hundreds of flower^[2].

2. Leaves

Fig. Leaves

The leaves are dark green 6-10 cm long glabrous receptacles subglobose or piriform in large cluster form old nodes of main trunk^[2]. Its having characteristic odour and slightly bitter in test.

3. Fruits

Fig. Fruit

The fruit receptacles are 2-5- cm in diameter pyriform in large cluster arising from main trunk or large brunches^[5]. Ficus Racemosa Linn is 3/4/inch to 2 inches long circular and grows directly on the trunk^[2].

4. Seed

The seed are tiny, innumerable,grain like outer surface of the bark consists of easily removable translicent flakrs grayish to rusty brown^[2].

Traditional Uses:

Ficus racemosa all parts of plant are used traditionally from longer time to cure the diseases, different parts uses are given below^[1]

1. Bark :

Used for multiple purpose like Galactagogue and gynecological disorders. Decoction of the bark used in piles, ulcerative colitis, diarrhea and dysentery, diabetes, astringent, menorrhea, hemoptysis, wash wounds, abortions, uropathy, piles and asthma^[1].

2. Fruits:

Used in leprosy, diarrhoea, circulatory and respiratory disorders and menorrhagia. Tender fruits are used as astringent, stomachic, refrigerant, in dry cough, loss of voice, diseases of kidney and spleen, astringent to bowel, styptic, tonic, useful in the treatment of leucorrhoea, blood disorder, burning sensation, fatigue, urinary discharges, leprosy, epitasis, carminative and intestinal worms. They are also useful in miscarriage, spermatorrhoea, epididymitis, cancer, myalgia, scabies, haemoptysis, intrinsic haemorrhage and extreme thirst^[3].

3. Leaves:

The leaves are good wash for wounds and ulcers. They are useful in dysentery and diarrhoea. The infusionof bark and leaves is also employed as mouth wash tospongy gums and internally in dysentery, menorrhagia, effective remedy in glandular swelling, abscess, chronicwounds, cervical adenitis and haemoptysis.^[5]

4. Root sap :

It is used for treating diabetes. The sap of this plant is a popular remedy for mumps and other inflammatory enlargements. In Sri Lankan indigenous system of medicine, it is used in the treatment of skeletal fracture. The Australian aborigines use this plant in the treatment of mumps, smallpox, heamaturia, menorrhagia and inflammatory conditions. In Siddha the bark, fruits and latex are used to treat constipation, anaemia and dysentery^[3].

Pharmacological Uses:

Hypoglycemia activity

· Antioxidant activity

· Hepatoprotective activity

· Antitussive activity

· Antiulcer activity

· Wound healing

· Anthelmintic activity

· Antidiuretic activity

· Antidiarrheal activity

· Chemo-preventive activity

· Anticancer activity

· Antibacterial activity

· Anti-inflammatory activity

· Memory enhancing activity

· Hypolipidemic activity

Hypoglycemia activity:

Methanolic extract of the stem bark in dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o. lowered the glucose level in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The activity was also comparable to that of the effect produced by a standard antidiabetic agent, glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) proving its folklore claim as antidiabetic agent^[5].

2. Antioxidant activity:

The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) used to evaluate antioxidant activity by free radical scavenging method. DPPH free radical reduced when hydrazine react with hydrogen donors, it forms stable DPPH molecules through donation of hydrogen. Due to this method it is easy to determine antiradical power of an antioxidant activity by decrease in absorbance of DPPH at 519nm. Color change from purple to yellow, there is discolorations of DPPH when absorbance of methanolic extract of stem and leaves was measured at 517nm. The extract of stem and leaves was compared with standard butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) by free radical scavenging method the extract show antioxidant activity^[1].

3. Hepatoprotective activity:

investigated hepatoprotective effects of petroleum ether and methanol extract of Ficus racemosa Linn. (Moraceae) stem bark. CCl4 administration induced a significant decrease in serum total protein, albumin, urea and significantly increase in total bilirubin associated with a marked elevation in the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Pretreatment with Ficus racemosa petroleum ether extract and Ficus racemosa methanolic extract showed significant restoration of total protein and albumin to near normal rats^[4].

4. Antitissive activity:

The methanol extract of stem bark was tested for its antitussive potential against a cough induced model by sulphur dioxide gas in mice. The extract exhibited maximum inhibition of 56.9% at a dose of 200 mg/kg (p.o.) 90 min after administration^[2].

5. Antiulcre activity:

Gastro-protective effect of 50% ethanolic extract of Ficus Racemosa Linn known as F. glomerata fruit (FGE) was studied in different gastric ulcer models in rats. FGE prevents the oxidative damage of gastric mucosa by blocking lipid peroxidation and by considerable decrease in superoxide dismutase, H+K+ATPase and increase in catalase activity. The H+K+ATPase are the dimeric enzyme responsible for H+ secretion by the gastric parietal cells. H+K+ATPase are selectively blocked by the action of ranitidine, an acid blocker used to treat gastric ulcers^[3].

6. Wound healing:

Ethanol extract of stem bark showed wound healing inexcised and incised wound model in rats^[5].

7. Anthelmintic activity:

Earthworms lost their activity when it comes in contact with ethanolic bark extract at 5, 10, and 50 mg/ml given dose-dependently. There is loss of mortality and cause death. The higher concentration of bark extract shows paralytic effect and death time is shorter and it is compared with standard piperazine citrate 3% within 90 min^[1].

8. Antidiuratic activity:

The decoction of the bark of F. racemose is claimed as an antidiuretic and its potential is evaluated in rats using three doses (250, 500 or 1000 mg/kg). It had a rapid onset (within 1 h), peaked at 3 h and lasted throughout the study period (5 h). It also caused a reduction in urinary Na+ level and Na+/K+ ratio, and an increase in urinary osmolality indicating multiple mechanisms of action^[2].

9. Antidiarrheal activity:

Ethanol extract of stem bark was stuied on different experimental models of diarrhea in rats. The inhibitory activity was observed against castor oil induced diarrhea, PGE2 induced enteropooling and charcoal meal tests this was done in rats. By using this extract on rats it shows antidiarrheal activity^[1].

10. Chemo-preventive activity:

The is treatment given orally to the rats by two methods, incidence tumors in ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) it induced chemotoxicity in rats and potassium bromate- induced nephrotoxicityin in rats^[1].

11. Anticacer activity:

Fruit extracts of F. religiosa exhibited antitumor activity in the potato disc bioassay. None of the tested extracts showed any marked inhibition on the uptake of calcium into rat pituitary cells GH4C1.

12. Antibacterial activity:

studied the antibacterial potency of petroleum ether extract of Ficus racemosa Linn. Leaves against bacterias E.coli ATCC 10536, Basillus pumilis ATCC 14884, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25619, and Staphyloccocus aureus ATCC 29737. The results were significant comparable to standard Chloramphenicol^[4].

13. Antiniflammatory activity:

The anti-inflammatory activity of F. racemosa extract was evaluated on carrageenin, serotonin, histamine and dextran-induced rat hind paw edema models. The extract (400 mg kg-1) exhibited maximum anti-inflammatory effect of 30.4, 32.2, 33.9 and 32.0% with carrageenin, serotonin, histamine, dextran-induced rat paw oedema, respectively. In a chronic test, the extract (400 mg kg-1) showed 41.5% reduction in granuloma weight, which was comparable to that of phenylbutazone^[3].

14. Memory enhancing activity :

It shows activity on Alzheimer disease which is caused by decrease in acetylcholine level and it is an extrapyramidal disease^[1].

15. Hypolipidemic activity :

Pronounced hypocholesterolemic effect was induced when Dietary fibre content of fruits were fed to rats in diet, as it increased fecal excretion of cholesterol as well as bile acids^[5].

Chemical Constituents:

The fruit of F.religosa contains asgaragine, tyrosine, undecane,tridecane, tetradecane, (e)beta-ocimene, α-thujene, α-pinene,β-pinene, α-terpinene, limonene, dendrolasine,dendrolasine α-ylangene, α-copaene, β-bourbonen, β-caryophyllene, α-trans bergamotene, aromdendrene, α-humulene, alloaromadendrene, germacrene,bicyclogermacrene, γ-cadinene and δ-cadinene^[4].

Racemosa Linns pecies contain flavanoid glycosides, alkaloids, phenolic acids, steroids, saponins, coumarins, tannins, triterpinoids–oleanolic acid rusolic acid, α-hydroxy ursolic acid, protocatechuic acid, maslinic acid. The nonenzymatic constituents include phenolic compounds, flavonoids, vitamin C. The enzymaticconstituents present are ascorbate oxidase, ascorbateperoxidise, catalase, peroxidise. The phenolic compounds present are gallic acid and ellagic acid. Furanocoumarins that are reported are psoralen, bergapten^[2].

CONCLUSION:

Umber is for public health because the studies proved the umber can be used by medicinal practitional for the teratment of the diseases. In traditional system of medicine, different part such as root, fruit, leaves, stem, seed, latex, and even wholw plant has been recommended for the treatment of gastric ulcer, diarrhea, wound healing, diabetic, hypertension etc. It is strongly belived that detailed information as presented in this review on various therapeutic action of the constituent might provide detailed evidence for the use of this plant in different medicines.

REFERENCES:

1. Article on “The Phytoconstituent and Pharmacological of Ficus racemose Linn, written by Kajal. V. Kosankar, A.N. Aher Published by Pharma Tutor, Vol.6

2. Article on Ficus racemose Linn its Potentials Foods Security and Rural Medicinal Management, written by Sunil.Kumar Shah, Gopal Garg, Deepanath Jhade, Harish Pandey, published by Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Vol. 8(5) 2016.

3. Article on Ficus racemose Linn: A Comprehensive, written by Satish A Bhalerao, Deepa R Verma, Nikhil C Teli, Vinodkumar S Didwana and Saurabh S Thakur, and publish by Review Journal of Application Chemistry, Vol.3 (4)

4. Article on; Ficus Racemosa Linn- A review on Experimental Lead Approach, written by Mehata Devansh and published by: Inventi journals (P) Ltd Publication. Vol 2013.

5. Article on Pharmacoligical Potentials of Ficus racemosa – A Review, written by Prakash Deep, Amrit Kr. Singh, Md. Tahir Ansari, Prashant Raghav, published by International Journal of Pharmacrutical Science Review and Research.Vol 2013.

6. https://images.app.goo.gl/zpwg459bG8376KmLA

7. https://image.app.goo.gl/KBmFeQ94QLpZ8ubM9.

8. https://images.app.goo.gl/3v48ustesat1VMNU9

Received on 09.09.2021 Modified on 19.09.2021

Res. J. Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics.2021; 13(4):171-174.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5836.2021.00032