INTRODUCTION:

Adansonia digitata, African Baobab, genus Adansonia, is the most comprehensive tree species of baobab, and is native to the African continent. Long– lasting pachycauls are usually found in the dry, hot savannah of sub- Saharan Africa, where they dominate the landscape, and form a distance reveal the presence of a water tank. Their growth rate is determined by groundwater or rainfall, and their maximum age, which is subject to great estimates appears to be in the order of 1500 years.

Scientific classification:

Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Rosids
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Order:	Malvales
Family:	Malvaceae
Genus:	Adansonia
Species:	A. digitata

The scientific name is Adansonia refers to the French explorer and botanist, Michel Adanson. Who saw a sample on the island of Sor, Senegal. And its binomial name is Adansonia digitata.¹ It has medicinal and nutritional value. Parts of this plant are used to treat various diseases like diarrhea, malaria and microbial. Baobab flowers, seeds, roots, leaves fruit pulp and bark are edible. Baobab leaves are used to make soups. India has more than 45000 thousand plant species and claims to have several thousand medicinal properties of them. These plants can withstand high temperature and can also last long in drought so they are grown. Their fruits contain pulp and leaves sour and the seeds are large embedded in the dry acidic pulp and shell. In recent years, the industry has been looking for natural, as has been the case with the demand for seed oil in the form of food, cosmetics and ingredients for biofuels has been greatly increased. A study on biodiesel production and fuel properties was conducted.² Medicinal plants have been used for the treatment of many diseases for thousands of years and are considered beneficial in health care. Baobab trees are known for their vast medicinal and non – medicinal and use leaves, pulp and seeds as a source of food, for income surgeons. Baobab bark is used to cure fever and its fruit pulp is traditionally used to cure all these diseases like smallpox, dysentery, diarrhea, cough, scurvy and measles. ³ In the current study, genetic traits of the Baobab population from Kenya are described through microsatellites (Single sequence repeat, SSR) Markers. Microsatellites are molecular markers through which we have made various application such as conservation genetics, phylogeography, population genetics, parentage analysis etc.⁴ Old Baobabs are not the only trees that are affected by weather changes. Panderosa and pinyon forest in the American west are dying of growing rete as summer heats up in the region. The famous Ohia trees in Hawaii are also dying faster than before. Since baobab produce only faint growth rings, Researchers used radiocarbon dating to analyze samples taken from different parts of some trees, explaining that the oldest (who are now dead) and 2500 years old.⁵ In some parts of baobab different amount of protein, vitamin C, magnesium, iron, zinc, calcium, and vitamin B, is a supply and they are also highly nutritious. Baobab reduces our appetite, which also help us lose weight and contains high fibers. Baobab also helps us lower our increase blood sugar levels and helps to work insulin lower needed to control our blood sugar levels.⁶

Figure 1; Fruits and Flower of A. digittata

Peroximate composition and physiochemical characterstics of seeds-

The mineral compositions of baobab seed in close proximity. Phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium are all abundant in the seed. Seed oils are major sources of nutritious oils, as well as being used in industry and pharmaceuticals.³³

Figure 2; Adansonia digitata

Chemical Composition:

1. Baobab methyl esters (BaoME):

The baobab plant is mostly rare plant that produce various pharmacological active ingredients (Baobab methyl esters (BaoME) that also useful in recent year as a biofuel. According to recent study, they produce a chemical that have methyl ester like properties which obtain from baobab seeds.⁷Baobab methyl esters (BaoME) fuel properties were compared with methyl esters (biodiesel) produced from shea butter, corn and rubber. shown this table;

Table: 1 Fuel properties of baobab methyl esters.

Fuel properties	Shea butter	Corn	Rubber	Baobab
Density (kg m³)	877	865	874	882
Cloud point (^oC)	6	-5	4	2
Flash Point (^oC)	171	168	130	192
Kinematic Viscosity(mm²/s)	4.42	4.14	5.81	4.46

2. Phytochemistry:

A. digitata has yielded a number of compounds that have been identified and characterized. Terpenoids, flavonoids, sterols, vitamins, amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids are some of the classes they belong to.⁸

3. Vitamins:

The oil extracted from the kernels of baobab seeds includes active anti-oxidants (Vitamin E) as well as vitamins A and F, making it a beneficial active component (Moisturiser) in cosmetic products that helps to prevent skin ageing (Peters, 1987). Although oil trees such as Manketti (Schinziophyton rautanenii), Manchurian apricot (Prunus mandshurica SKV.) and Siberian aprico have been used to make biodiesel.⁹ Many essential vitamins and minerals can be found in baobab. According to research, the nutritional value of baobab varies depending on where it is grown and what components of the plant are consumed, such as the leaves, pulp and seeds. The pulp, for example is high in vitamin C, antioxidants, and a number of important minerals such as potassium, magnesium, iron and zinc. The leaves are high in calcium and high quality, easily digestible proteins. Furthermore, the plant’s seeds and kernel are high in fibre, lipids and minerals like as thiamine, calcium and the iron. Baobab is more typically found as a dried powder in most places of the world where fresh baobab is not available. baobab contains a lot of antioxidants than the other whole fruit, and filled with vitamin C. Baobab fruit pulp has among the very best vitamin C or vitamin C content found in any fruit. Adansonia digitata leaves ought to be keep as whole leaves instead of ground leaf powder so as to preserve the high aliment content.⁴⁰

• Fat: 0 gram

• Fibre: 9 grams

• Carbs: 16 grams

• Calories: 50

• Iron: 9 % (RDI)

• Magnesium: 8% (RDI)

• Potassium: 9%(RDI)

• Niacin: 20% (RDI)

• Vitamin B6: 24% (RDI)

• Vitamin c: 58% (RDI)

As a result, both powdered baobab and fresh plant portions are extremely nutritious.⁶

4. Baobab fruit [Pulp]:

Using a Soxhlet device, the pulp was extracted with 80% ethanol and the pH of the extract was corrected to 7.5 with anhydrous sodium carbonate. By adding borate to the modified uranic acid carbazole reaction, total pectic materials was recovered from the sugar free residue and the measured.

Figure 3: Seeds of A. digitata

Chemical composition of baobab fruit pulp:

Constituents (dry Basis)	Mean + s. d
Total soluble solid (%)	79.3 + 1.2
Alcohol insoluble solids (%)	57.3 + 2.4
Total sugars (%)	23.2 + 0.2
Starch	Nil
Protein (%N * 6.25)	2.6 + 0.3
Crude fibre (%)	5.7 + 0.2
Reducing sugars (%)	18.9 + 0.5
Total pectin (% Galacturonic acid)	56.2 + 0.9
Fat (%)	0.2 + 0.01
Ash (%)	5.3 + 0.02
Ph	3.3 + 0.04
Iron (mg/100g)	8.6 + 1.1
Phosphorus (mg/100g)	50.8 + 4.6
Calcium (mg/100g)	655 + 34
Moisture	6.7 + 0.03
Ascorbic acid (mg/100g)	300 + 6.5

In this table values for crude protein, total crabs, and ash are consistent with the chemical composition of the pulp (dry basis).¹⁰

5. Protein solubility:

The solubility of kernal proteins in various extractants and at the various pH level was tested as described by Sathe, with slight modifications. Techniques were used to determine the protein content of the supernatant.¹¹

6. Antinutritional factors:

Activity of a Trypsin inhibitor (TIA). Using BAPA N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p nitroanilide hydrochloride and trypsin type 3 form bovine pancreas, trypsin inhibitor activity was measured. Trypsin inhibitor activity was computed using absorbance read against a blank in a spectrophotometer and reported as trypsin inhibitor unit per milligram of sample (TIU/mg sample). Per 10ml of reaction mix, one trypsin unit is defined as a 0.01 absorbance unit rise at 410nm.¹²

7. Phytic acid:

Phytic acid is a nutrient that is found in plants. Phytic acid analysis was carried out using chromophore reagent. Sigma chemical firm provided phytic acid (Dodeca sodium salt) from corn, which was used as a benchmark.¹³

Biological Activity:

1. Anti-oxidant activity:

Dietary antioxidants, such as polyphenolic compounds, vitamins E and C, and carotenoids, are thought to be effective nutrients in the prevention of oxidative stress related diseases like inflammation, cardiovascular disease, cancer and aging related disorder. The high antioxidant capacity of Adansonia digitata derived products demonstrates their therapeutic, nutraceutical and cosmoceutical potential. Furthermore, have advocated red fibre as a novel value – added component for food preparation and nutraceutical application in the promotion of health due to its strong antioxidant capacity. Baobab plant produce were compared to orange and kiwi fruit in research investigations.¹⁴

2. Diuretic activity:

Adansonia digitata leaf extract were investigated for diuretic efficacy in rats using methanolic and aqueous extracts. Body weight before and after the test period, total urine volume and urine concentration of Na⁺, K, and Clions were the parameters examined on individual rat. The methanolic and aqueous extracts of leaves (100 mg/kg body weight) increased urine volume and excretion of cations and anion. As a control diuretic, furosemide was utilised.³⁰

3. Anti-viral activity:

To investigate the antiviral activity of various baobab plant sections, several in vitro and in vivo experiments have been conducted. looked at the antiviral activity of a variety of plants against the Herpes simplex, Sindbis and polio viruses. The leaves of the baobab were discovered to have the most effective effect. The antiviral activity of A. digitata leaves, fruit – pulp and saw extracted with water, DMSO and methanol. The influenza virus herpes simplex virus and respiratory syncytial virus were studied using the minimal inhibitory concentration approach. The influenza virus was extremely vulnerable, whereas the respiratory syncytial virus was resistant. The leaf extract had the best antiviral activity, with MIC values ranging from 0.12g/ml (DMSO) TO 2.8g/ml (water). The leaf extract had promising efficacy against the herpes simplex virus (MIC: 1.0 to 11.7g/ml), however the pulp and seed had significantly lesser activity (MIC: N72.5g/ml).¹⁵

4. Anti-diarrhoeal activity:

Diarrhoeal unwellness may be a potential reason for morbidity and mortality particularly in kids and young animals in the developing countries. ancient healthful plants square measure wide used in most developing countries for treating diarrhoea. Treatment of diarrhoea is mostly non-specific and typically aimed at reducing the discomfort and inconvenience of frequent bowel movements. latest antidiarrhoeal agents square measure on the far side the reach of the someone in developing countries. additionally, they need some levels of hepatotoxic impact. to beat the menace of diarrhoeal unwellness in developing countries, the World Health Organization (WHO) has enclosed a programme for the management of diarrhoea, that involves the employment of traditional flavouring medication.³⁹

5. Anti-bacterial activity:

Baobab plant components have been used to treat microbial illness in humans and animals for generations and numerous scientific investigations have been conducted to support their traditional antibacterial benefits. This was in contrast to a study conducted, who looked at the anti - bacterial properties of various foods. Activity of an A. digitata solvents extract against E. coli isolates derived from urine and water with the inhibition zone, the data clearly showed that the solvents extract hindered bacterial growth. Varying between 20 and 30 mm depending on concentration which the sample had been examined looked examined the antibacterial activity of baobab plant components (stem and root barks) against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and yeast in a recent study. The MIC values for the aqueous and ethanolic root and stem bark extracts ranged from 1.5 to 6 mg/ml, indicating that they inhibited the growth of numerous microorganisms. The presence of tannins, phlebotomine, terpenoids, and saponins in the stem bark could explain the plant's antibacterial effect.¹⁶

6. Anti-Sickling activity:

When incubated with 2% sodium meta bi sulphite sickled washed Hbss blood samples, aqueous methanolic extract of Adansonia digitata bark and its either fraction at various doses demonstrated reversal anti sickling properties. When extract was preincubated with Hbss blood sample without being washed with sodium meta bi sulphite, no inhibitory anti sickling activity was seen.²⁹

7. Anti-inflammatory activity:

The carrageenan induced rat paw oedema method was used to asses the anti-inflammatory efficacy of naturally derived crude, with ibuprofen as the reference medication. After 30 min and 1 hour, mean changes in paw oedema thickness. The percent inhibition of oedema by the investigated drugs after 2 and 4 hours after development of inflammation and inhibition of oedema by the tested compounds were recorded. The anti–inflammatory properties of the extracted substance were outstanding. Using various solvents for extraction, a total of seven samples were extracted. The anti– inflammatory profile of methanolic extract was the best. When compared to methanol alone, the combination of water and MeOH for extraction yielded a low biological profile value. When then the polar solvent DMSO was utilised for extraction, the activity profile was found to be satisfactory. The extraction employing the non - polar solvents hexane yielded unsatisfactory percent extraction and activity profiles in the anti- inflammatory portions. The extraction employing the non - polar solvents hexane yielded unsatisfactory percent extraction and activity profiles in the anti–inflammatory portions. Furthermore, the activity of the profiles for the solvents toluene and dichloromethane were inferior then MeOH. Dichloromethane and toluene had percent extraction values of less than 0.5.¹⁷

8. Anti-Trypanosomal activity:

Baobab root extract is trypanocidal against boyh trypanosoma brucei and trypanosoma congolense. Tsetse fly bites transmit T. congolense, which are unicellular parasites that cause sleeping sickness in humans and similar disorders in animals.³¹

9. Anti-microbial activity:

The result of photochemical analysis shows that only terpenoids, tannins, phlobatannins and saponins were found in the root barks of A. digitata, while terpenoids, tannins, phlobatannins and saponins were found in the root barks of A. digitata and cardiac glycosides have been discovered in the bark of the stems. Saponin, a crude saponin isolated has been shown to have antibacterial action in vitro. Saponin fractions of Gymnema sylvestre and Eclipta prostrata leaves were found to have anti-microbial activity against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis (Gram negative bacteria), (Gram positive bacteria), (fungi). The activity of crude ASBE and ESBE against E. coli, a bacterial strain that is resistant to the usual broad-spectrum antibiotic, gentamicin (10 g), when compared to the activity of a standard antibiotic, gentamicin (10 g), against the tested bacteria, is an interesting observation (ug).¹⁸Staphylococcus aurcus, Streptococcus jecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Mycobacterium phlei all showed some antibiotic action.³²

10. Anti-diabetic activity:

Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were used to test the hypoglycemic activity of Adansonia digitata stem bark, fruit pulp, extract. As a solvent, methanol was used. Fruit pulp had the same ability to reduce serum glucose as chlorpropamide at 300 mg/kg.²⁸

11. Selected traditional medicinal uses of the A. digitata tree in Africa:

Most indigenous people in Africa regard the baobab with reverence; some even believe it is cursed. In Africa, almost all portions of the tree are utilised in traditional medicine, however this varies by country. The plant's many parts (leaves, bark, seeds) are employed as a panacea, meaning they may treat practically every condition. Specific reported uses include the treatment of malaria, TB, fever, microbiological infections, diarrhoea, anaemia, dysentery and toothache etc.¹⁹ The leaves and fruit pulp are used as febrifuge as well as an immunostimulant.²⁰ Medicinal properties of Adansonia digitata are as follows;

The bark is used to alleviate fever in Ghana as a substitute for quinine. Diarrhoea and hiccough are treated using oil derived from the seeds. People infected with malaria parasites in Africa ingest a mash containing dried baobab bark as a febrifuge to cure the illness's fever. Swollen joints are said to be treated in Mali by rubbing a baobab fruit paste onto the affected area.²¹ According to one study, 40 g of baobab pulp offers 100% of the daily vitamin C requirement for pregnant women aged 19 to 30 years.²² According to the research and the origin of the samples analysed, the calcium concentration of fruit pulp varies found a calcium content of 344.2 mg/100g, which is higher than the figure of 295.0 mg/100 g recorded by others.²³ Several studies have found a link between fruit and vegetable consumption and the prevalence of inflammation and diseases including heart disease and cancer.²⁴ Antioxidants found in nature, such as polyphenolic chemicals from plants, vitamins E and C, and carotenoids, are thought to be useful in preventing oxidative stress-related disorders.²⁵ Fixed oils, such as baobab seed oil, are key constituents in cosmetic products. It is non-irritating and non-allergenic, making it ideal for use on the skin.²⁶

Fertilization of Adansonia digitata:

A tall stalk supports a cluster of stamens surrounded by petals that range in colour from white to orange (depending on the species). At night, the aromatic blooms bloom. Each one blooms for about a day, but its abundant nectar attracts nocturnal pollinators such as fruit bats, moths and other insects while it is in bloom. Only a few blooms emerge at a time, prompting pollinators to from tree to tree and cross-fertilize.²⁷

Hepatoprotective activity of Adansonia digitata:

Sigma, Egypt, provided the acetaminophen and silymarin. Silymarin, at a dose of 100 mg/kg, was given orally once a day for one week by gavage. For one week, Adansonia digitata extract (200 mg/kg) was given orally once daily. In distilled water, the drugs and extract were suspended.³⁴ Alanine Amino Transaminase (ALT), Aspartate Amino Transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin were spectrophotometrically quantified to assess liver function using a commercial kit from BioMed Diagnostics. Total protein was determined using a colorimetric approach with a Diamond Diagnostics (Cairo, Egypt) kit, according to the manufacturer's instructions.³⁵ MDA was measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive compounds in liver homogenates using spectrophotometry.³⁶ GSH level was measured in the homogenates of liver.

Acute Toxicity study:

No mortalities were recorded after seven days of oral treatment of Adansonia digitata extract at doses up to 2000 mg/kg, hence 1/10th of the maximum dose administered (i.e., 200 mg/kg, p.o.) was chosen for the current investigation.³⁸

Health benefits of Adansonia digitata:

Here are the top 6 benefits of baobab fruit and powder.

1. Antioxidant and polyphenol content may reduce inflammation.

2. High fiber content may promote digestive health.

3. A great, Nutritious addition to your diet – fresh or powdered.

4. May help balance blood sugar level.

5. Rich in many important vitamins and minerals.

6. May aid weight loss by promoting feelings of fullness.

CONCLUSION:

A. digitata is a versatile tree that is used for medicine, food, fodder and clothes as well as a source of raw materials for a verity of products. The baobab fruit is the most important food source. The dried fruit pulp is utilised in both cold and hot beverages. The pulp of the fruit can be dissolved in water or milk, and the resulting liquid is used as a beverage and a culinary sauce as well as a fermentation agent in local brewing. Vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus, soluble and insoluble fibres are all abundant in baobab fruit pulp. The global demand for baobab has risen substantially in a variety of industries, including medicine, food and cosmetics.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT:

I thankful to Mr. Ravi Kumar, Mrs. Aarti Chopra, Ms. Sweta Pundir for appreciation in this work and thanks to Dr. Girendra Kumar Gautam for valuable support and every critical movement I thanks to Mr. Gautam Kumar.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

There is no any conflict of interest by authors.

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION:

All authors are contributing own valuable advice, management and contributions in collection of material for this review.

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Received on 29.09.2021 Modified on 23.11.2021

Res. J. Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics.2022;14(1):53-59.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5836.2022.00009

Plant part	Therapeutic uses	Preparation	Country
Leaves	Malaria, diarrhoea, inflammation, kidney, bladder diseases, blood clearing, asthma, toothache and gingivitis etc.	Infusion, Decoction.	Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Nigeria, Tanzania, Burkina Faso, Kenya.
Seeds	Worms, Dysentery, fever, diarrhoea etc.	Mixed with water and decoction.	South Africa, Cameroon, Tanzania.
Fruits	Dysentery, haemoptysis, diarrhoea and microbial disease.	Decoction.	Central African Republic, Tanzania, Cote d’ lvoire, Nigeria and Senegal.
Powdered seeds	Coughs	-	South Africa.
Bark	Anaemia	Aqueous extract, powdered bark mixed with porridge.	Nigeria.
Flesh with peel	Refreshing, tonic, diuretic, cystitis, hepatic disorders, hypogalactia.	Decoction.	Burkina Faso.
Stem bark	Wound healing.	Decoction.	Mali.
Roots	Fever, dysentery.	-	Sudan.