Zika Virus: A Review

 

Prathamesh D. Bagul1*, Mr. Chetan N. Badar1, Kundan J. Tiwari2

1SMBT College of Pharmacy, Nandi-Hills, Dhamangaon, Nashik 422403.

2SMBT Institute of D. Pharmacy, Nandi-Hills, Dhamangaon, Nashik 422403.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: prathameshbagul2002@gmail.com

 

ABSTRACT:

ZIKA is a single stranded RNA that was first isolated in a sentines rhescus monkey in the zik forest of Uganda in 1947. Primarily transmitted through the aedes aegypti mosquito of family flavivrudae over the past 60 years the ZIKA has been observed circulating among African and Asian populations. The first human case was detected in Nigeria in 1953. In these review we study the pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and medication of ZIKA virus.

 

KEYWORDS: Aedes mosquito, diagnosis, RNA, Transmission, Zika virus.

 

 


INTRODUCTION:

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a positive sense RNA flavivirus primarily transmitted the aedes aegypti mosquito,3,4,5 aedes africanus, and aedes hensili of family flavivirudae 15.

 

ZIKV is a single stranded RNA that was first isolated in a sentinel rhesus monkey in the zik forest of Uganda in 1947.15,16 ae. Africanus mosquitoes in the same forest suggesting the mosquito borne transmission of the virus6 Over the past 60 years, this virus has been observed circulating among African and Asian populations17 the first human case was detected in Nigeria in 195318. In 2007, the first ZIKV outbreak occurred on Yap Island of the Federal States of Micronesia8 Between 2013 and 2014, French Polynesia was struck by ZIKV, with, for the first time, Guillain-Barre syndrome reported in a few patients following ZIKV infection. ZIKV then spread to several islands of the Pacific Ocean9,10. In the Americas from late 2014 onward, with a cumulative count of 583,144 suspected and 223,336 laboratory-confirmed Zika cases reported across 49 countries and territories by the end of 2017.18

 

The World Health Organization declared ZIKV a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 1 February, 2016. By February 2016, the CDC received nine confirmed ZIKV cases in pregnant women who had traveled to South America. By April of 2016, ZIKV transmission had been registered in 27 countries in the Americas.15

 

Pathophysiology:

The genome of the of the zika virus has a length of 10.7 kb, divided into structural and non structural segments. There are 3 structural proteins that are pre –membrane, core & envelope and 7 non structural proteins. The pre- membrane and envelope proteins facilitate viral attachment to the host cell membrane AXL receptor, a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase protein.1,2

 

Zika virus RNA has been detected in semen, saliva, urine, breast milk, and donated whole blood of utmost concern given the current outbreak are maternal transmission routes, for which there is evidence of both transplacental and perinatal transmission, with ZIKV detection in amniotic fluid and placental and fetal tissue, and potential for postnatal transmission through breast milk.19

 

Virus can be detectable in blood within 3 to 4 days of symptom onset. The maximum documented time of zika virus RNA detection semen after onset of symptoms in 188 days. Once a person has been infected with ZIKV, they are likely to be protected from future infections.23 Zika virus can be killed by potassium permanganate, ether, temperature >600°C, but is not effective neutralized by 10% ethanol13

 

Naturally, ZIKV shares some common biology with other flaviviruses such as West Nile (WNV), Dengue (DENV), tick-borne encephalitis, and Yellow fever, which may also cause neurological damage and encephalitis.15 ZIKV is unique among flaviviruses, and among arbovi-ruses in general, in its strong predilection for maternofetal transmission and adverse fetal outcomes. Microcephaly specifically has not been reported for other flaviviral infections during pregnancy. Dengue virus infection is associated with much less severe adverse outcomes (pre-term birth and low birth weight), if any at all, and these outcomes may most often be due to placental infection and insufficiency rather than vertical transfer, though congenital infection with infant death has been documented.19

 

In case of animal models, infection of neurons and artocytes leading to CPE was already observed in early studies in mice infected by intracerebral inoculation with the prototype African ZIKV strain, MR766. The neurotropism of ZIKV was recently confirmed in adult mouse models infected with both contemporary ZIKV isolated and MR766.20

 

Symptoms:

Death is infrequent, primary symptoms usually are;

Fever, Headache, joint pain, rash, conjunctivitis, myalgia, arthralgia, gastrointestinal disturbance.

Rarely nervous system disorder occurs which can cause temporary paralysis, calcium deposits in the brain.22

 

Diagnosis:

The Diagnosis of ZIKV infection is quite difficult because of the overlap of symptoms with other arbviral diseases and because of the broad cross – reactivity among flaviviruses of the antibodies include by infection. Thus, laboratory diagnosis of acute ZIKV infection relies on the use of molecular tests for the direct detection of viral nucleic acids in blood and other biological specimens.20

 

ZIKS replicates in virus-induced membranous replication factories (RFs). Endoplasmic reticulum of ZIKS infected human hepatic cells and neural progenitor cells show invagination with pore-like opening toward the cytosol. Upon electron microscopy, it was revealed that the infection with ZIKV cause drastic change in microtubules and intermediate filaments organization forming cage like structure. Also, cytoskeleton-targeting drugs affect ZIKV infection severely and tight linking of ZIKV RF with host cell cytoskeleton changes is indicative of infection21

 

A SYBR Green based one-step real-time RT-PCR assay, this assay could detect ZIKV at a titer as low as 1 PFU/mL ZIKV infection was detected using the anti-4G2 MAb by flow cytometry there is some cross-reactivity with tests for dengue viruses. NS-5 gene (3’coding region) is used for rapid detection of flaviviruses which shows less amino acid identity. cDNA from mosquito used in dot-blot membrane digoxigenin diagnosis method.22

 

Prevention:

Inhabitants in or travelers to affected places should remain inside with air conditioning, window and door screens if plausible, wear long sleeves, use permethrin smeared clothes and equipment and use insect repellents when outside.25

 

Most importantly, World Health Organization has recommended that pregnant women should get safety measures to keep away from making contact with all potential vectors until the epidemic is over.26

 

In the first week of ZIKA infection, following preventive measures should be followed:

      Mosquito bites should be avoided.

      The patients are advised to stay under the bed-nets

      Another community that is under great risk of getting infected from the patients is the health workers. It is essential to protect the health workers so that other hospitalized patients might not get infected from the workers. In additional, care should be taken during blood donations and organ donations.24

      ZIKA virus also transmitted by the semen and vaginal fluid in infected people, for this proper contraceptives are used such as condoms have been used to reduce the risk of spreading ZIKV during intercourse.27

      Prevent the breading of mosquito in nearest areas.28

      Pregnant women are advised not to visit the setting where patients are resided. Similarly, pregnant women are advised not to visit where the epidemic is present.24

 

Treatment and Medications:

There is no vaccine for Zika, and treatment of the viral infection usually involves managing the symptoms because there are no proven antiviral therapies available.

To relieve symptoms of the virus, the CDC recommend that you:

      Drink plenty of prevent dehydration.

      Get plenty of rest.

      Take acetaminophen to reduce pain and fever.

      Don’t take aspirin, ibuprofen or any non-steroidal anti–inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) without talking to doctor.

      Tell your physician about all the medication your taking if you become infected with the Zika virus.[14]

 

CONCLUSION:

In these review we study about pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and medications of ZIKA VIRUS and We concluded that ZIKA VIRUS is a infections disease that spreads rapidly. Currently there are no approved vaccines against ZIKA VIRUS.

 

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Received on 18.04.2022            Modified on 20.05.2022

Accepted on 19.06.2022       ©A&V Publications All right reserved

Res.  J. Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics.2022;14(3):171-173.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5836.2022.00029