INTRODUCTION:

The majority of people prefer herbal remedies to conventional treatments, despite the fact that medicinal plants are significant in health care and the main raw materials for both traditional and mainstream medicine formulations^1-5. They have received a lot of attention due to their effectiveness, the lack of modern medical options, the rising cost of contemporary drugs, and cultural preferences.

Over 4000 years ago, Mangifera indica (MI), also referred to as mango or Aam, was a significant herb in the Alternative health and indigenous medical systems. In the plant family of flowers Anacardiaceae, the genus Mangifera, which includes approximately 30 species of tropical new growth trees, is where mangoes are found. Different parts of the mango tree are thought to have a variety of medicinal properties according to ayurveda^2-7.

One of the most popular tropical fruits is the mango. Mangiferin is a powerful antioxidant, anti-lipid peroxidation, immunomodulator, cardiotonic, hypotensive, wound repair, antidegenerative, and antidiabetic compound. It is a polyphenolic antioxidant and glucosyl xanthone. Different parts of the plant are used as a dentrifrice, antiseptic, astringent, diaphoretic, stomachic, vermifuge, tonic, laxative, and diuretic, as well as to treat piles, leucorrhoea, piles, asthma, bronchitis, cough, hypertension, and insomnia. All of its components are used to treat a variety of conditions, including abscesses, broken horns, tumors, rabid dog or jackal bites, snakebites, stings, datura poisoning, heat stroke, miscarriages, anthrax, blisters, mouth wounds, tympanitis, colic, diarrhea, glossitis, indigestion, bacillosis, bloody dysentery, liver disorders, excessive urine. Mango fruit that is in season is thought to be energizing and refreshing^8-10.

The juice is used to treat heat stroke and as a restorative tonic. The seeds are used as an astringent and for treating asthma. For relief from hiccups and throat ailments, smoke from burning leaves is inhaled. The bark is believed to have a tonic effect on mucous membranes, is astringent, and is used to treat rheumatism and diphtheria. The gum is a component of dressings for scabies and cracked feet. Additionally, it is viewed as anti-syphilitic. The astringent components are removed by soaking the kernels in water before being processed into flour. The majority of the tree's parts are used as medicines, and the bark also has tannins that can be used to make dyes¹¹.

METHODS:

Materials:

A library search for published articles in peer-reviewed journal articles, as well as electronic database search queries utilizing electronic databases, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and the Web of Science, were used to gather the information on various plants that have historically been used for therapeutical, ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, and the treatment of disorders¹².

In the anacardiaceae family, MI is a sizable evergreen tree that can reach heights of 10 to 45m. It has a dome-shaped canopy covered in thick foliage and is typically heavily branched from a robust trunk. The leaves are spirally arranged on branches, linear-oblong, lanceolate-elliptic, pointed at both ends, with leaf blades that are typically about 25cm long and 8 cm wide but can occasionally be much larger. When the leaves are first formed, they are reddish and thinly flaccid, and when they are crushed, they release an aromatic odor. An inflorescence of about 3000 tiny, whitish-red, or yellowish-green flowers grows in panicles. The fruit is a well-known large drupe, but it comes in a wide range of sizes and shapes. When ripe, it has a thick yellow pulp, a single seed, and a thick yellowish red skin^13-15.

Major Chemical components^10-18:

There is always interest in the chemical components of MI. the plant's various chemical components, particularly its polyphenols, flavonoids, and triterpenoids.

· Isomangiferin, tannins, and gallic acid derivatives are the main bioactive components of the xanthone glycoside mangiferin.

· Protocatechic acid, catechin, mangiferin, alanine, glycine, -aminobutyric acid, kinic acid, shikimic acid, and tetracyclic triterpenoids are said to be present in the bark.

· Cycloartan-3, 24, 27-triol, 3-ketodammar-24 (E)-en-20S, 26-diol, and cycloart-24-en-3, 26diol are C-24 epimers of cycloart-25 en 3, 24, 27-triol.

Stem Bark^10-18

· The stem bark of MI was used to isolate indosides A and B, manghopanal, mangoleanone, friedelin, cycloartan-3-30-diol and its derivatives, mangsterol, manglupenone, mangocoumarin, n-tetacosane, n-heneicosane, n-triacontane, and other compounds.

· Common flavonoids and stem bark were used to isolate mangostin, 29-hydroxy mangiferonic acid, and mangiferin. The flower produced alkyl gallates like dihydrogallic acid, 4-phenyl gallate, 6-phenyl-n-hexyl gallate, ethyl gallate, methyl gallate, n-propyl gallate, and n-pentyl gallate.

· The chromones 3-hydroxy-2-(4'-methylbenzoyl)-chromone and 3-methoxy-2-(4'-methyl benzoyl)-chromone are found in mango root.

Essential oil^15-21

An essential oil containing humulene, elemene, ocimene, linalool, nerol, and many other compounds is produced from the leaf and flower.

· The fruit pulp contains xanthophylls, beta-carotene, and vitamins A and C. Mango pulp lipids contained the unusual fatty acid cis-9, cis-15-octadecadienoic acid.

· Mango (MI) Stem Bark Phenolic Antioxidants, Free Sugars, and Polyols Isolated and Analyzed. With the help of ES-MS and NMR spectroscopic techniques, all structures were clarified.

· Mangiferin was identified as the main component following a quantitative analysis of the compounds using HPLC.

Mango puree:

Mango puree concentrate's polyphenols have been identified using HPLC with diode array and spectrometry detection. A quick method for quantifying beta-carotene, including cis-isomers, in dried mango has been developed. To identify the carotenoids in Taiwanese mango, an HPLC method was created. For the first time, high-performance liquid chromatography/ atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/APcI-MS) was used to characterize 5-Alkyl- and 5-Alkenylresorcinols, as well as their hydroxylated derivatives, extracted from mango (MI) peels. Liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry [LC-(APcI (+))-MS] has been used to identify and quantify xanthophyll esters, carotenes, and tocopherols in the fruit of seven mexican mango cultivars¹⁹.

Immunomodulatory activity:

Mice were used to test the alcoholic stem bark extract's immunomodulatory effects. Conclusion: Test extract is a promising medication with immunostimulant qualities. Mangiferin regulates NF-xB down-regulation, inhibits NF-xB activation brought on by inflammatory agents like tumor nuclear factor (TNF), raises intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, and potentiates chemotherapeutic agent-mediated cell death; this suggests a potential role in combination therapy for cancer. Since increased intracellular (GSH) levels are known to inhibit the TNF-induced activation of NF-B, it is likely that these effects are mediated through mangiferin ROS quenching and GSH elevation^20-25.

Mangiferin, a brand-new glucosylxanthone from the Anacardiaceae family that occurs naturally, was tested in mice for its ability to prevent gastric injury brought on by ethanol and indomethacin. By measuring changes in the mean gastric lesion area or ulcer score in mice and in the gastric secretory volume and total acidity in 4-hour pylorus-ligated rats, the effects of mangiferin on gastric mucosal damage were evaluated. These results show that mangiferin protects against gastric injury brought on by ethanol and indomethacin, possibly through antisecretory and antioxidant mechanisms²⁶.

Toxicity study:

In acute, subacute, and chronic cases of inflammation, an ethanolic (95%) extract of the seed kernel of MI showed significant anti-inflammatory activity. The Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus albus, and Vibrio cholerae were all susceptible to the MI leaf extract's antibacterial properties. MI extract's (Vimang) analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties have been researched. The extract's polyphenols were discovered to be responsible for the activity noted. Investigations were done into the MI extracts' in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity (VIMANG). Arachidonic acid (AA) and phorbol myristate acetate caused mice to develop edema in their ears; MI extract, applied topically (0.5-2 mg per ear), reduced this effect. The findings make a significant contribution to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive properties of the typical MI extract VIMANG²⁷.

Cytotoxic activity:

Mango stem bark extract has been shown to have significant cytotoxic effects on the breast cancer cell lines MCF 7, MDA-MB-435, and MDA-N, as well as on the colon cancer cell line SW-620 and the renal cancer cell line (786-0). Mice were given a 250.0mg/kg intraperitoneal ethanol/water (1:1) extract of dried mango aerial parts; this extract had no effect on Leuk-P388. Mangiferin inhibited the growth of K562 leukemia cells and caused apoptosis in K563 cell line in vitro, likely by suppressing the expression of the bcr/abl gene. These findings imply that mangiferin may one day serve as an organic chemo preventive agent²⁸.

Antihelminthic and antiallergic properties:

The components of MI stem bark have antihelminthic and antiallergic properties. In mice that had been experimentally infected with the nematode Trichinella spiralis, the effects of iman and mangiferin were studied. The purpose of the study was to determine whether vimang and mangiferin, a C-glucosylxanthone isolated from MI extract, had any anti-allergic properties. The results indicate that Vimang has anti-allergic properties on allergic models and that this natural extract may be effective in treating allergic disorders. The main component of Vimang, mangiferin, contributes to the extract's anti-allergic properties²⁹.

Antidiabetic activity:

At a dose of 250mg/kg, a 50% ethanolic extract of the leaves of MI significantly reduced blood sugar levels in both healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals. One theory for the mechanism of action involved stimulating cells to release insulin. On the blood glucose levels of normoglycemic, glucose-induced hyperglycemic, and STZ-induced diabetic rats, the effect of the water-soluble extract of the leaves of MI has been studied. According to the findings, the extract showed of MI leaves has hypoglycemic activity. This behavior might be brought on by a decrease in glucose absorption at the intestinal level. Using normoglycemic, glucose-induced hyperglycemia, and streptozotocin STZ-induced diabetic mice, the leaves of MI were tested for their antidiabetic properties³⁰.

CONCLUSION:

According to a thorough review of the literature, MI is a significant source of many pharmacologically and medicinally important chemicals such as mangiferin, mangiferonic acid, hydroxymangiferin, polyphenols, and carotenes. Mangiferin has been shown to have numerous pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, radioprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antidiabetic, lipolytic, antibone resorption, monoamine oxidase-inhibiting, antimicrobial, and antiparasitic properties. Mango stem bark extract has been shown to have significant cytotoxic effects on the breast cancer cell lines. All of these studies suggest that this C-glucosyl-xanthone is responsible for a wide range of activities associated with MI bark preparations (mangiferin). Phytomedicines should be adequately standardized regarding this active compound based on knowledge of its many properties. MI has been used satisfactorily in Herbal medicine for centuries; more clinical trials to support its therapeutic use should be conducted^31-56.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors have no conflicts of interest.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

The authors would like to thank NCBI, PubMed and Web of Science for the free database services for their kind support during this study. This work was supported by no fund from any of affiliated organisations.

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Received on 09.01.2023 Modified on 12.04.2023

Res. J. Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics.2024;16(1):30-34.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5836.2024.00006