Author(s):
Devdatta D. Khairnar, Vijayraj N. Sonawane, Chandrakant D. Khairnar, Sunil K. Mahajan
Email(s):
khairnardev24@gmail.com
DOI:
10.52711/2321-5836.2026.00048 
Address:
Devdatta D. Khairnar*, Vijayraj N. Sonawane, Chandrakant D. Khairnar, Sunil K. Mahajan
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Divine College of Pharmacy, Satana, Nashik, Maharashtra, India – 423301. Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune. Maharashtra, India.
*Corresponding Author
Published In:
Volume - 18,
Issue - 4,
Year - 2026
ABSTRACT:
The present study aimed to extract, detoxify and use Jatropha curcas seed oil for herbal soap formulation and evaluation. Crude oil was obtained by cleaning, drying, grinding and Soxhlet extracting J. curcas seeds using ethanol. The extracted oil was detoxified through treatment with ethanol washing followed by heating and filtration to remove toxic constituents such as phorbol esters. Physicochemical characteristics including acid value, saponification value, iodine value and specific gravity were analysed to determine its suitability for soap production. Molecular docking and in silico analysis were conducted to evaluate interactions between major bioactive components of J. curcas oil (curcin and phorbol esters) and inflammatory markers such as COX-2 and TNF-a indicating potential anti-inflammatory activity. Herbal soap was subsequently formulated using detoxified Jatropha oil as the primary base, coconut oil as a co-base to enhance lather and texture sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the saponifying agent and sodium chloride (NaCl) as a hardening agent, employing the hot saponification method. The final product was evaluated for pH, total fatty matter (TFM), moisture content, foam height and hardness. Results showed that the detoxified oil exhibited acceptable saponification and iodine values. The formulated soap demonstrated a pH of 8.0-9.0, TFM above 60%, and desirable foaming and hardness properties. Biological evaluation revealed as in silico evidence of anti-inflammatory potential. The oil also exhibited antioxidant properties and antibacterial activity. The study concludes that detoxified Jatropha curcas seed oil can be safely and effectively combined with NaOH, NaCl and coconut oil to produce a natural herbal soap with good cleansing, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory qualities providing a sustainable alternative to synthetic commercial soaps.
Cite this article:
Devdatta D. Khairnar, Vijayraj N. Sonawane, Chandrakant D. Khairnar, Sunil K. Mahajan. Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Soap prepared from Detoxified Jatropha curcas seed oil. Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics. 2026;18(4):358-4. doi: 10.52711/2321-5836.2026.00048
Cite(Electronic):
Devdatta D. Khairnar, Vijayraj N. Sonawane, Chandrakant D. Khairnar, Sunil K. Mahajan. Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Soap prepared from Detoxified Jatropha curcas seed oil. Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics. 2026;18(4):358-4. doi: 10.52711/2321-5836.2026.00048 Available on: https://rjppd.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2026-18-4-4
REFERENCES:
1. Pandey VC, Singh K, Singh JS, Kumar A, Singh B, Singh RP. Jatropha curcas: A potential biofuel plant for sustainable environmental development. Renewable and sustainable energy Reviews. 2012 Jun 1; 16(5): 2870-83. DOI. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.004
2. Nass LI, Heiberger CA. Encyclopedia of PVC: Resin Manufacture and Properties-Volume 1 of 4 (Print). CRC Press; 1986 Feb 21. DOI. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780585386447
3. Pandey J, Gaire S, Sharma K, Pun D, Gyawali A, Lamichhane G, Budean D, Devkota HP. Exploring the potentials of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. seed kernel oil as pharmaceutical oil base: Physicochemical characterization and ketoconazole soap formulation. Heliyon. 2023 Nov 1; 9(11). DOI. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21034
4. Ali SM, Yosipovitch G. Skin pH: from basic science to basic skin care. Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2013 Jan 10; 93(3): 261-7. DOI. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1531.
5. Pandey J, Acharya S, Bagale R, Gupta A, Chaudhary P, Rokaya B, Manju KC, Aryal P, Devkota HP. Physicochemical evaluation of Prinsepia utilis seed oil (PUSO) and its utilization as a base in pharmaceutical soap formulation. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops and Foods. 2023 Apr 19; 15(2): 188-99. DOI. https://doi.org/10.15586/qas.v15i2.1176
6. Hailu D. Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Physic Nut (Jatropha curcas L.) Populations in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa University. 2010 Jan. DOI. https://doi.org/10.15586/qas.v15i2.1176
7. Openshaw K. A review of Jatropha curcas: an oil plant of unfulfilled promise. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2000 Jul 1; 19(1): 1-5. DOI. 10.1016/S0961-9534(00)00019-2
8. Martínez-Herrera J, Siddhuraju P, Francis G, Dávila-Ortíz G, Becker K. Chemical composition, toxic/antimetabolic constituents, and effects of different treatments on their levels, in four provenances of Jatropha curcas L. from Mexico. Food Chemistry. 2006 May 1; 96(1): 80-9. DOI. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.01.059
9. Devappa RK, Makkar HP, Becker K. Jatropha toxicity-a review. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B. 2010 Aug 18; 13(6): 476-507. DOI. https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2010.499736
10. Akintayo ET. Characteristics and composition of Parkia biglobbossa and Jatropha curcas oils and cakes. Bioresource technology. 2004 May 1; 92(3): 307-10. DOI. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00197-4
11. Makkar HP, Becker K, Sporer F, Wink M. Studies on nutritive potential and toxic constituents of different provenances of Jatropha curcas. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1997 Aug 18; 45(8): 3152-7. DOI. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf970036j
12. Devappa RK, Makkar HP, Becker K. Nutritional, biochemical, and pharmaceutical potential of proteins and peptides from Jatropha. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2010 Jun 9; 58(11): 6543-55. DOI. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf100003z
13. Devappa RK, Malakar CC, Makkar HP, Becker K. Pharmaceutical potential of phorbol esters from Jatropha curcas oil. Natural Product Research. 2013 Aug 1; 27(16): 1459-62. DOI. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2012.716057
14. Calixto JB. Efficacy, safety, quality control, marketing and regulatory guidelines for herbal medicines (phytotherapeutic agents). Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2000 Feb 2; 33(2): 179-89. DOI. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2000000200004
15. Achten WM, Verchot L, Franken YJ, Mathijs E, Singh VP, Aerts R, Muys B. Jatropha bio-diesel production and use. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2008 Dec 1; 32(12): 1063-84. DOI. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.03.003
16. Gübitz GM, Mittelbach M, Trabi M. Exploitation of the tropical oil seed plant Jatropha curcas L. Bioresource Technology. 1999 Jan 1; 67(1): 73-82. DOI. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00069-3
17. Fabricant DS, Farnsworth NR. The value of plants used in traditional medicine for drug discovery. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 Mar; 109(Suppl 1): 69. DOI. 10.1289/ehp.01109s169
18. Yeola CA, Sonawane VN, Sonawane VN, Surana KR, Patil DM, Sonawane DD. Development and validation of simple UV-spectrophotometric method for estimation of diclofenac sodium. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2023 Sep 7; 13(3): 183-9. DOI: 10.52711/2231-5675.2023.00030
19. Abidin ZZ, Madehi N, Yunus R. C oagulative B ehaviour of Jatropha curcas and its P erformance in W astewater T reatment. Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy. 2017 Nov; 36(6): 1709-18. DOI. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12635
20. Sonawane Vijayraj Narendra, Pathan Amjadkhan and Sonawane Deepak Devidas: A comprehensive study on zinc oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, evaluation and microbiological insights. Intern. J. Zool. Invest. 10(1): 647-655, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2024.v10i01.069
21. Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicologic Pathology. 2007 Jun; 35(4): 495-516. DOI. https://doi.org/10.1080/019262307013203
22. Weitzenkorn R. Boundaries of reasoning in cases: The visual psychoanalysis of René Spitz. History of the Human Sciences. 2020 Oct; 33(3-4): 66-84. DOI. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695120908491
23. Trott O, Olson AJ. AutoDock Vina: improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading. Journal of computational chemistry. 2010 Jan 30; 31(2): 455-61. DOI. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.21334
24. G. Raveendra babu, m. Rama ayyappa, b. Krishna, a. Ravi kumar, g.l.s. Priyanaka, p.n.v.s.s. Pavani, ch. L. prasanna, b. Anjil, g. harish. Phytochemical evaluation of chloris barbata by using various spectroscopic techniques. Asian J. Research Chem. 2019; 12(5): 268-273. DOI: 10.5958/0974-4150.2019.00050.6
25. Sonawane V, Wagh DI, Bhamare SP, Surana KR, Sonawane DD, Mahajan SK. Enhancing water solubility of a BCS Class II drug using hydrotropy, mixed solvency, co-solvency, and nanosuspension techniques. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2025 Aug 7; 23(4): 134-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.500
26. Tushar p. Dukre, ganesh n. Wadekar, harshad b. Pawar. Pharmacognostic and phytochemical evaluation of herbal plant: alangium lamarkii (alangiaceae). Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2022; 14(2): 65-8. DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2022.00013
27. Sureka, c. Mary sharmila, r. Chithra devi, n. J. Muthu kumar, v. Banumathi. Evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of kusta gaja kesari - a siddha herbo mineral formulation against albumin protein denaturation. Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2018; 8(3): 145-147. DOI: 10.5958/2231-5691.2018.00025.4
28. R. Suresh, d. Benito johnson, appalaraju gorle, ashok kumar javvadi, tamil selvan a. The wound healing, anti inflammatory and haemostatic effect of eupatorium odoratum. Research J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2012; 4(2): 75-79. (Wound healing +anti inffla.) DOI: 10.5958/0975-4385
29. S. Sumathi, m. Sinthanai selvi. Phytochemical studies and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of melia azedarach (l) flower. Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2014; 6(1): 19-21. DOI: 10.5958/0975-4385
30. Vidya viswanad, aswathy rajeev, priyanka s., raheela a. V. Formulation of anti-inflammatory gel containing boswellic acid from boswellia serrata gum. Research J. Pharm. And Tech. 2014; 7(11): 1305-1310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37591/rrjohs.v4i2.712
31. Vijayraj N. Sonawane, Dhanashree I. Wagh, Sakshi P. Bhamare and Deepak D. Sonawane. Quality by design-based development and evaluation of a herbal gel for hair growth and dandruff control. International Journal of Minor Fruits. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 2026; 12(1): 84-92. DOI: http://doi.org/10.53552/ijmfmap.12.1.2026.84-92
32. Junaid s. Shaikh, shashikant d. Barhate. Formulation and evaluation of antibacterial herbal soap incorporating mesua ferrea (nagkesar) and tinospora cordifolia (giloy). Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2025; 17(1): 14-0. DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2025.00004
33. Arti p. Pawar, dhanashri n. Pawar, yogita v. Dalvi. Formulation and evaluation of polyherbal soap. Research J. Topical and Cosmetic Sci. 10(1): 23-28. DOI: 10.5958/2321-5844.2019.00006.2
34. Sonawane VN, Yeola CA, Sonawane VN, Surana KR, Patil DM, Sonawane DD. Estimation of Paracetamol in various brands of Paracetamol Tablets and their Comparative Study. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2023 Sep 7; 13(3): 155-61.DOI: 10.52711/2231-5675.2023.00025
35. Shashank Nayak N, Akanksha, Ashwini S K, Manoj M J, Srusti B, Shwetha S, Kamath K, Thimmasetty J. Formulation and evaluation of antibacterial moringa soap prepared by melt pour and cold process method. Research Journal of Topical and Cosmetic Sciences. 2024; 15(1):20-6. DOI: 10.52711/2321-5844.2024.00004