A Decisive Review to Understand the Basic Fundamentals of Novel Corona Viruse Disease

Sweta; Navdeep Singh

doi:10.52711/2321-5836.2021.00024

Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics

ISSN

2321-5836 (Online)
0975-4407 (Print)

Submit Article

A Decisive Review to Understand the Basic Fundamentals of Novel Corona Viruse Disease

Author(s): Sweta, Navdeep Singh

Email(s): sakumar0307@gmail.com

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5836.2021.00024

Address: Sweta*, Navdeep Singh
Research Scholar, Laureate Institute of Pharmacy, Kathog, Jawalamukhi, Himachal Pradesh 176031, India.
*Corresponding Author

Published In: Volume - 13, Issue - 4, Year - 2021

View HTML

View PDF

ABSTRACT:
With the development and spread of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), also known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, a new public health disaster is threatening the world (SARS-CoV-2). In December 2019, the virus was discovered in bats and transmitted to humans via unidentified intermediary species in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. To date (05/03/2020), there have been roughly 96,000 recorded cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) and 3300 documented deaths. The disease is spread through inhalation or contact with contaminated droplets, with a 2 to 14-day incubation period. Fever, cough, sore throat, dyspnea, weariness, and malaise are common symptoms. The disease is mild in most people; in some (usually the elderly and those with comorbidities), it can lead to pneumonia, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome), and multi-organ failure. A large number of persons are asymptomatic. The case fatality rate is expected to be between 2 and 3%. Specimen collection, assay collection, serology, nucleic acid testing or molecular testing, and target selection for RT-PCR are all examples of laboratory diagnosis. Home isolation of suspected cases and those with mild illnesses, as well as tight infection control measures in hospitals, including contact and droplet precautions, are all part of the prevention strategy. The virus has a lower fatality rate than its two ancestors, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory sickness coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The global consequences of this new epidemic are still unknown.

Keywords:

Cite this article:
Sweta, Navdeep Singh. A Decisive Review to Understand the Basic Fundamentals of Novel Corona Viruse Disease. Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics. 2021;13(4):118-4. doi: 10.52711/2321-5836.2021.00024

Cite(Electronic):
Sweta, Navdeep Singh. A Decisive Review to Understand the Basic Fundamentals of Novel Corona Viruse Disease. Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics. 2021;13(4):118-4. doi: 10.52711/2321-5836.2021.00024 Available on: https://rjppd.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2021-13-4-3

REFERENCES:
1.   Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet; published online Jan 24.
2.   Coronavirus Outbreak. Available at: https://www.worldometers. info/coronavirus/. Accessed 23 Feb 2020.
3.   Richman DD, Whitley RJ, Hayden FG, editors. Clinical virology. John Wiley and Sons; 2020 Jul 10.
4.   Chan‐Yeung M, Xu RH. SARS: epidemiology. Respirology. 2003;8:S9-14.
5.   Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/en/. Accessed 16 Feb 2020.
6.   World Health Organization. Situation reports. Available at: https:// www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/ situation-reports/. Accessed 22 Feb 2020.
7.   Xinhua China’s CDC detects a large number of new coronaviruses in the South China seafood market in Wuhan. Available at: https:// www.xinhuanet.com/2020-01/27/c_1125504355.htm.Accessed20 Feb 2020.
8.   Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
9.   Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, Bretzel G, Froeschl G, Wallrauch C, Zimmer T, Thiel V, Janke C, Guggemos W, Seilmaier M. Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. New England journal of medicine. 2020;382(10):970-1.
10.   Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, Ren R, Leung KS, Lau EH, Wong JY, Xing X. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. New England journal of medicine. 2020 Jan 29.
11.   Cheng ZJ, Shan J. 2019 Novel coronavirus: where we are and what we know. Infection. 2020;48(2):155-63.
12.   Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, Liang L, Huang H, Hong Z, Yu J, Kang M, Song Y, Xia J, Guo Q. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(12):1177-9.
13.   Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. Journal of hospital infection. 2020;104(3):246-51.
14.   Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet [Internet]. 2020; 395 (10226): 809–15. S0140673620303603. 2008.
15.   Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Wei Y, Yu T. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13.
16.   Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, Zhao Y. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Jama. 2020;323(11):1061-9.
17.   Xu XW, Wu XX, Jiang XG, Xu KJ, Ying LJ, Ma CL, Li SB, Wang HY, Zhang S, Gao HN, Sheng JF. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series. bmj. 2020;368.
18.   Wang XF, Yuan J, Zheng YJ, Chen J, Bao YM, Wang YR, Wang LF, Li H, Zeng JX, Zhang YH, Liu YX. Retracted: Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 34 children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection in Shenzhen. Zhonghua er ke za zhi= Chinese journal of pediatrics. 2020; 58: E008-.
19.   Chen F, Liu Z, Zhang FR, Xiong RH, Chen Y, Cheng XF, Wang WY, Ren J. First case of severe childhood novel coronavirus pneumonia in China. Zhonghua er ke za zhi= Chinese journal of pediatrics. 2020;58(3):179-82.
20.   Zeng LK, Tao XW, Yuan WH, Wang J, Liu X, Liu ZS. First case of neonate infected with novel coronavirus pneumonia in China. Zhonghua er ke za zhi=Chinese journal of pediatrics. 2020;58: E009.
21.   Wölfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, Seilmaier M, Zange S, Müller MA, Niemeyer D, Jones TC, Vollmar P, Rothe C, Hoelscher M. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature. 2020;581(7809):465-9.
22.   Kim C, Ahmed JA, Eidex RB, Nyoka R, Waiboci LW, Erdman D, Tepo A, Mahamud AS, Kabura W, Nguhi M, Muthoka P. Comparison of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs for the diagnosis of eight respiratory viruses by real-time reverse transcription-PCR assays. PloS one. 2011;6(6):e21610.
23.   Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M, Molenkamp R, Meijer A, Chu DK, Bleicker T, Brünink S, Schneider J, Schmidt ML, Mulders DG. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Eurosurveillance. 2020;25(3):2000045.
24.   World Health Organization. Laboratory testing for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in suspected human cases: interim guidance, 14 January 2020. World Health Organization; 2020.
25.   Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, Ren R, Leung KS, Lau EH, Wong JY, Xing X. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. New England journal of medicine. 2020 Jan 29.
26.   Yu F, Yan L, Wang N, Yang S, Wang L, Tang Y, Gao G, Wang S, Ma C, Xie R, Wang F. Quantitative detection and viral load analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in infected patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020;71(15):793-8.
27.   Young BE, Ong SW, Kalimuddin S, Low JG, Tan SY, Loh J, Ng OT, Marimuthu K, Ang LW, Mak TM, Lau SK. Epidemiologic features and clinical course of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore. Jama. 2020;323(15):1488-94.
28.   Leung WK, To KF, Chan PK, Chan HL, Wu AK, Lee N, Yuen KY, Sung JJ. Enteric involvement of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection. Gastroenterology. 2003;125(4):1011-7.
29.   Xu D, Zhang Z, Jin L, Chu F, Mao Y, Wang H, Liu M, Wang M, Zhang L, Gao GF, Wang FS. Persistent shedding of viable SARS-CoV in urine and stool of SARS patients during the convalescent phase. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2005;24(3):165-71.
30.   World Health Organization. World Health Organization coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard. World Health Organization. 2020.
31.   COVID C, Team R, COVID C, Team R, COVID C, Team R, Chow N, Fleming-Dutra K, Gierke R, Hall A, Hughes M. Preliminary estimates of the prevalence of selected underlying health conditions among patients with coronavirus disease 2019—United States, February 12–March 28, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2020;69(13):382.
32.   Chen Y, Chan KH, Hong C, Kang Y, Ge S, Chen H, Wong EY, Joseph S, Patteril NG, Wernery U, Xia N. A highly specific rapid antigen detection assay for on-site diagnosis of MERS. The Journal of infection. 2016;73(1):82.
33.   Lau SK, Che XY, Woo PC, Wong BH, Cheng VC, Woo GK, Hung IF, Poon RW, Chan KH, Peiris JM, Yuen KY. SARS coronavirus detection methods. Emerging infectious diseases. 2005;11(7):1108.
34.   Sastre P, Dijkman R, Camuñas A, Ruiz T, Jebbink MF, Van Der Hoek L, Vela C, Rueda P. Differentiation between human coronaviruses NL63 and 229E using a novel double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on specific monoclonal antibodies. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology. 2011;18(1):113-8.
35.   Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, Wang W, Song H, Huang B, Zhu N, Bi Y. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The lancet. 2020;395(10224):565-74.
36.   Mahony JB, Richardson S. Molecular diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome: the state of the art. The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics. 2005;7(5):551-9.
37.   Wu W, Tang YW. Emerging molecular assays for detection and characterization of respiratory viruses. Clinics in laboratory medicine. 2009;29(4):673-93.
38.   Babady NE, England MR, Jurcic Smith KL, He T, Wijetunge DS, Tang YW, Chamberland RR, Menegus M, Swierkosz EM, Jerris RC, Greene W. Multicenter evaluation of the ePlex respiratory pathogen panel for the detection of viral and bacterial respiratory tract pathogens in nasopharyngeal swabs. Journal of clinical microbiology. 2018;56(2):e01658-17.
39.   Babady NE, Mead P, Stiles J, Brennan C, Li H, Shuptar S, Stratton CW, Tang YW, Kamboj M. Comparison of the Luminex xTAG RVP Fast assay and the Idaho Technology FilmArray RP assay for detection of respiratory viruses in pediatric patients at a cancer hospital. Journal of clinical microbiology. 2012;50(7):2282-8.
40.   Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H, Spitters C, Ericson K, Wilkerson S, Tural A, Diaz G. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020 Jan 31.
41.   Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, Bretzel G, Froeschl G, Wallrauch C, Zimmer T, Thiel V, Janke C, Guggemos W, Seilmaier M. Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. New England journal of medicine. 2020;382(10):970-1.
42.   Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, Xing F, Liu J, Yip CC, Poon RW, Tsoi HW. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. The lancet. 2020;395(10223):514-23.
43.   Ai JW, Zhang Y, Zhang HC, Xu T, Zhang WH. Era of molecular diagnosis for pathogen identiﬁcation of unexplained pneumonia, lessons to be learned. Emerg Microb Infect.
44.   Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2019;17(3):181-92.
45.   Jin YH, Cai L, Cheng ZS, Cheng H, Deng T, Fan YP, Fang C, Huang D, Huang LQ, Huang Q, Han Y. A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version). Military Medical Research. 2020;7(1):1-23.
46.   Di Paolo M, Iacovelli A, Olmati F, Menichini I, Oliva A, Carnevalini M, Graziani E, Mastroianni CM, Palange P. False-negative RT-PCR in SARS-CoV-2 disease: experience from an Italian COVID-19 unit. ERJ open research. 2020;6(2).
47.   Chen ZM, Fu JF, Shu Q, Chen YH, Hua CZ, Li FB, Lin R, Tang LF, Wang TL, Wang W, Wang YS. Diagnosis and treatment recommendations for pediatric respiratory infection caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus. World Journal of Pediatrics. 2020;16(3):240-6.
48.   Russell CD, Millar JE, Baillie JK. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):473-5.
49.   Zhao JP, Hu Y, Du RH, Chen ZS, Jin Y, Zhou M, Zhang J, Qu JM, Cao B. Expert consensus on the use of corticosteroid in patients with 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Zhonghua jie he he hu xi za zhi=Zhonghua jiehe he huxi zazhi=Chinese journal of tuberculosis and respiratory diseases. 2020;43(3):183-4.
50.   World Health Organization. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is suspected: interim guidance. InClinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is suspected: Interim guidance 2020 (pp. 21-21).
51.   Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H, Spitters C, Ericson K, Wilkerson S, Tural A, Diaz G. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020 Jan 31.
52.   Zhang L, Liu Y. Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review. Journal of medical virology. 2020;92(5):479-90.
53.   Jie Z, He H, Xi H, Zhi Z. Multicenter collaboration group of Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province and Health Commission of Guangdong Province for chloroquine in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia. Expert Consensus on Chloroquine Phosphate for the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia [in Chinese]. 2020;10(1001–0939):2020.
54.   World Health Organization. World Health Organization coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard. World Health Organization. 2020.
55.   Chang D, Xu H, Rebaza A, Sharma L, Cruz CS. Protecting health-care workers from subclinical coronavirus infection. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2020;8(3):e13.
56.   Li J, Li JJ, Xie X, Cai X, Huang J, Tian X, Zhu H. Game consumption and the 2019 novel coronavirus. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2020;20(3):275-6.